tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-83267578437961543562024-02-19T03:15:39.067-08:00Indiana DisastersNatural and Manmade Disasters in Indiana, 1865 to 1945Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comBlogger53125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-34885213776745690332014-05-09T12:36:00.004-07:002014-05-09T12:36:56.611-07:00Indiana's 1902 Smallpox Epidemic<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><b><i>By R. S.</i></b> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Smallpox or Variola Rex, a disease that has caused many problems
in recent history, during War and important historical events can be defined
as: an acute contagious viral disease with fever and pustules usually leaving
permanent scars. This disease affected many people and made it hard different
people to live and stay free of the disease in their own civilizations. In year
1902 across the state of Indiana the smallpox epidemic was taking over once
more. When first discovering the disease, it goes back to ancient years through
India being contracted from Portuguese and traveling to North America during
early colonization between the years 1635. The year the Native Americans met
the Settlers coming from the Mayflower. After the early discovery of the Native
American race and the contraction of the disease, Boston and the colonization
of Africa became tuned into the disease killing hundreds of people. The
Smallpox disease originally named Variola Rex has been around over 1200 years
and if looked into further dated back 3000 years in the Egyptian era. Since
then there have been vaccinations and numerous discoveries helping physicians
and scientists understand what and how this disease affects people and best
ways to try and cure it. Though vaccinations for the disease have been found
and helped the communities affected in previous history, Indiana was next in
line to contract the Smallpox disease, hitting places like Indianapolis,
Knightstown, and Evansville etc. like wildfire the disease spread through these
parts of Indiana creating a number of cases and thousands of casualties.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Origin of Smallpox</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Like introduced previously, the origins of smallpox was
introduced by ancient times dated back 1200 years ago from different countries
and ethnicities. Ancient Chinese were first introduced to the virus back in
1000 BC when the son of a Chinese Statesman was affected by the smallpox virus.
Due to the practice of healing and the different ancient Chinese methods they
developed an inoculation against the disease by taking liquid from one of the
affected pustules and placing it on a person who wasn’t affected by the
disease. With that, Egypt was known as one of the biggest regions to be
affected by this epidemic. Going back to the Nile of Egypt and the
ramifications of individuals named Pharaoh and nobles it was discovered that
the largely unknown epidemics that the Egyptians faced compared to the symptoms
of smallpox. Not only did scientist find that the smallpox related to Egyptians
but it was dated back to being an active disease to 3000 years ago. As the
timeline for smallpox continues, it is said that it could have easily been
distributed to the country India during the first millennium bc (pg. 211).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A British physician of East India proclaimed
that the disease was mentioned in the most ancient writings of Indian history
(pg.211). He mentioned Masurika, the Indian word for smallpox was found in many
parts of India dated before the Christian era. After being discovered back in
ancient history, the disease spread to the African era. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Parts of early Western
Africa were introduced to the disease by traveling in coastal ports. Although
the disease was spread through early Africa smallpox was also contracted during
the slave trade in Central Africa by the slaves being traded and maneuvered
around in caravans between the Europeans. The disease then spread to eastern
Africa down to South Africa in the 1840s. After seeing that this disease was
fatal and complicated the slave trade and affected many of the slaves the
Europeans decided to investigate </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a cure or vaccine for the disease. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The state of Boston was
affected as well. Killing an average of 844 people. During the 1721 epidemic of
smallpox in Boston a physician by the name of Zabdiel Boylston presented a
variolation to the people of Boston who then passed it on to the Americas. The
vaccine saved a lot of people of Boston, but killed a total of six people due
to the harsh chemicals. Famous individuals in the early 17th century had been
affected by the disease in negative ways as well.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Benjamin Franklin, whose son died when he was
just four years old, contracted the disease and died in 1726. The disease was
fatal and there were ways to treat it by vaccine, but it was not perfected.
Smallpox of Variola was discovered from different parts of countries and in
ancient history descending its way to Indiana. These were different times the
epidemic affected large amounts of people through different generations and
years. Although vaccines were invented and ancient methods were used, the
disease continued to spread. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The cases for smallpox began to come back toward
the beginning of the 19th century. Where it was tracked in the state of
Indiana. One of the places in Indiana the disease was contracted in was
Knightstown. A small town with a population of 2,182. Scientists and physicians
of the health department began to discover several different cases within the
county and discovered that the disease of smallpox that had been a segment of
many different vaccines wasn’t over and was spreading rapidly.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Knightstown, Indiana: The community before smallpox, Charles D.
Morgan and the “Pest House”</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the late 1800’s a man by the name of Charles D. Morgan
discovered that his wife had been affected by the smallpox virus. Due to this
discovery Morgan decided to move to Knightstown to get more help and determine
how to cure his wife of the disease, they were recommended to go to the “pest
house” a health facility that was developed due to the epidemic of smallpox
this house made up of 17 rooms became the research center to help fight the
once again rising epidemic. Although this was a place that helped try to
vaccinate and cure the disease from the people, it was still contracted to
many. Shortly after arriving to Knightstown to try and understand more of wa
cure or vaccine for the disease. The state of Boston was affected as well.
Killing an average of 844 people. During the 1721 epidemic of smallpox in
Boston a physician by the name of Zabdiel Boylston presented a variolation to
the people of Boston who then passed it on to the Americas. The vaccine saved a
lot of people of Boston, but killed a total of six people due to the harsh
chemicals. Famous individuals in the early 17th century had been affected by
the disease in negative ways as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Benjamin franklin, whose son died when he was just four years old,
contracted the disease and died in 1726. The disease was fatal and there were
ways to treat it by vaccine, but it was not perfected. Smallpox of Variola was
discovered from different parts of countries and in ancient history descending
its way to Indiana. These were different times the epidemic affected large
amounts of people through different generations and years. Although vaccines
were invented and ancient methods were used, the disease continued to spread.
The cases for smallpox began to come back toward the beginning of the 19th
century. Where it was tracked in the state of Indiana. One of the places in
Indiana the disease was contracted in was Knightstown. A small town with a
population of 2,182. Scientists and physicians of the health department began
to discover several different cases within the county and discovered that the
disease of smallpox that had been a segment of many different vaccines <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the late 1800’s a man by the name of Charles D. Morgan
discovered that his wife had been affected by the smallpox virus. Due to this
discovery Morgan decided to move to Knightstown to what was happening to his
wife, she died because the disease was too advanced and fatal to
vaccinate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the development of the
“pest house” and the death of Morgan’s wife in the late 1800s, the cases in
Knightstown Indiana grew rapidly and increased faster because of how small the
town was and how closely people of the town were connected. If one home was
affected by the disease, then families of the same household would easily be
affected.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result of people getting
quickly affected by the disease, Knightstown conducted a quarantine brought on
by the health department. Under these conditions the town decided to close the
gates to the town so no one would get in or out of the town. They decided to
try to cure the cases that were already happening and keep people not affected
by the disease out of the town or in separate parts of the town. Although they
took these drastic measures, the virus began to spread throughout the small
town of Indiana making it harder to save people and killing hundreds of town
members. While chaos happened in Knightstown in early January things died down
by early August. The town seemed to be going back to the usual routine, lifting
the quarantine, and remembering all the people that were lost due to the fatal
disease. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">On the other hand, while Knightstown tried to uncover the
cure of the disease it was only the beginning stages for the state of Indiana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Other places in Indiana
were affected too:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><i>Other parts of Indiana
were affected also. Evansville and various places near Muncie, Indiana</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Moving to Richmond and other places in Indiana. In a reading,
called the Monthly State Bulletin “Indiana State Board of Health” produced by
Indianapolis health officials in 1902 addresses the Indiana State health facts
regarding smallpox, in this article, 298 cases were found and percentages from
the previous year of 1902 became higher. The article gives the cases in every
county that was taken over by the epidemic in Indiana. The Bulletin describes a
case to a girl had been a part of. Traveling from Hamilton Ohio, she went to
Indianapolis to try to get a better understand of why she was feeling feverish
and what exactly was happening to her. Although she was diagnosed with the
smallpox disease by the physicians of the Indianapolis Health Department, she
went away in disbelief going back to Hamilton, Ohio consequently spreading the
disease further. As the article or newspaper continues with statistical facts
it introduces more cases spreading to different small towns in Indiana.
Creating more sickness and patients that were being brought to the health
physicians to help cure. The newsletter was a warning for those across Indiana
to be aware of the fast growing disease. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Though it was affecting many parts of
Indiana like, Clinton county of Indiana through Brownsburg Indiana and many
more, the physicians announced ways the disease could easily be stopped.
Disinfecting was a major part of the vaccination process. After the physicians
were introduced to the girl or member from Hamilton, Ohio they burned the
sheets and the bedding they used to diagnose her. The physicians strongly
recommended that the town members and the state of Indiana would take
precautions and get everyone vaccinated that needed it and weren’t affected by
the disease. This was an urgent report reaching every part of Indiana because
the disease was spreading outrageously. They not only warned the different
parts of the state to be sanitary, the physicians gave them a clear mapped out
list to complete in each town to protect and keep them away from the virus.
Each county got this bulletin in the state of Indiana asking them to perform
different tasks so that the towns could rid themselves of the virus and keep
the affection from spreading to other places. The disease began to calm after
people of the different towns started to listen to the health officials and
understand the importance of each step that had to take to keep their towns
safe. The disease killed thousands of people and affected a lot of families. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Research continued to perfect the vaccines that the affected were given and
also vaccines to help prevent others from getting affected. Toward the end of
the 19th century, physicians and scientists worked together to finally develop
a vaccine that could actually cure smallpox all together. In the years prior,
in ancient times with the Egyptians, China, Africa, India and Boston the viral
disease continued and hit Indiana. Although the vaccines weren’t perfected, and
also killed people, the year of 1902 the disease in Indiana was fatal and
quarantines were required but it wasn’t as bad as it was before. Progress was
made with smallpox and the average of the people who died from it was lowering
each year. Indiana was hit hard with this epidemic, it leaked into different
towns and made its way into places, scientists and physicians didn’t see
coming.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>What if we were affected with Smallpox?</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imagine if the year of
2014 was affected by this smallpox disease? Yes, it would be very easy to treat
and rid people of the disease. Early Indiana didn’t have the privilege, but
they made do with what they had. Is smallpox still around today? Scientists and
physicians worked hard to remove the disease from countries that were affected.
There had been talk in the year 2003 that the vaccine for the smallpox disease
should be implemented in the vaccination process but could’ve been a negative
thing due to other government officials using it as a decoy to destroy lives in
battle. Indiana overcame the disease, they lost people on the way, families
were infected and even the vaccine didn’t help to cure everyone from this highly
contagious disease but as research and testing went on the disease became a
more of a distant memory to the state of Indiana. The scientist and physicians
of the different health departments located in Indiana worked hard and a lot of
them dedicated their lives because they were infected by the disease and wanted
to discover what the best way was to help the people of Indiana. Because of the
research these scientists and physicians did, there was a proper vaccine to
help cure thousands of people who were infected in the state of Indiana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><b>Bibliography:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Barquet N, Domingo P (15 October 1997). "Smallpox: the
triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death". Annals of
Internal Medicine 127 (8 Pt 1): 635–42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Dixon CW (1962) Smallpox (Churchill, London).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Fenner F , Henderson DA ,Arita I ,Jezek Z ,Ladnyi ID(1988) in
Smallpox and Its Erad</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Forrest,
Jno. H.; Wishard, William N. (William Niles), 1851-1941; Hurty, John Newell,
1852-1925; Davis, T. Henry; Cook, Clark (1902-09) ication, ed FrankFenner (WHO,
Geneva<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical
Microbiology (4th Ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 525–8</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-55255251011306757272014-05-09T12:28:00.004-07:002014-05-09T12:31:14.695-07:00"The Great Indiana Flood of 1913"<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By James Bond</span></i></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #2c2c2c; line-height: 200%;">“<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #2c2c2c;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>Jack Maddux, a middle-aged
man from Yorktown, stood on the High Street Bridge with a long pole in his
hands during the great Easter flood of 1913. He and fellow employees of the
Union Traction Company electric railway system were defending the bridge from
log jams. As Maddux leaned out to dislodge a log, it was suddenly sucked under
the bridge. Maddux lost his balance and fell into the murky, frigid floodwater
on the east side of the bridge. Hundreds of onlookers saw Maddux reappear on
the west side, swimming easily at first. But as the current carried him
downstream, he began to tire and cried out for help. Herman Hugle, a young
draftsman, peeled off his coat and jumped in after Maddux, who was last seen
being sucked under the Washington Street Bridge. Hugle survived.” (1) Though
this event occurred in Muncie, </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">that evening, a swarm of tornadoes shredded
cities across the Indiana, killing countless people and causing many more
fatalities. Once the winds and rain came to a halt towns across the state were
left to pick up the debris and for many their lives. The near-biblical deluge
flooded cities all around the state. On the 101th anniversary of the Great
Flood of 1913, let’s take a look back at on the worst natural disasters not
just in Indiana but also in the entire United States.</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Life before the flood of 1913
was filled with changing scenery for the city of Indianapolis. During this time
the Great Migration was happening. Indianapolis along with Detroit and Chicago
were destinations of many African Americans migrating from the South. By 1870
the influx of African Americans from the south had nearly doubled the city’s
population. More blacks came to Indianapolis compared to anywhere else in
state. “By the early 1900’s black had comprised nearly 10% of the city’s
population. The growth of the black man would change the landscape of the
“Hoosier” state. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 200%;">African Americans in southern states heard about
opportunities in the North through labor recruiters, black-run newspapers,
relatives, and friends. Besides the lure of jobs in the North, a number of
factors pushed many African Americans to leave the South. Between 1900 and 1920
natural disasters in the South, such as floods, drought, and boll weevils,
destroyed the crops that many African-American farmers depended on for their
livelihood.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>The
blacks of the south came to the north for the jobs through the industrial
industry. This was a result of World War I stopping the flow of European
immigrants from coming across the Atlantic to come and work these industrial
jobs, as a result industrial companies had to seek workers from the south. “African
Americans arriving from the South in the early 1900s found an established black
community with churches, businesses, and social organizations. Indianapolis had
three black-run weekly newspapers by 1900, the <u>Freeman</u>, the <u>Recorder</u> and
the <u>World</u>. The <u>Recorder</u> often ran a directory of
African-American businesses in its Christmas issue.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>In
1901, this listing included restaurants, hotels, and grocery stores, as well as
barbers, physicians, dentists, lawyers, dealers in coal, ice, oil, and junk,
and even a clairvoyant.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">For many African Americans newly arrived from the
South Indianapolis and other northern cities may at first have seemed places of
great equality. For example, the unsettling signs "FOR WHITE" and
"FOR COLORED," symbols of a visible "color line," were
missing from public places. “Though the north was more welcoming to blacks they
still felt constant discrimination in northern cities including Indianapolis. Many
white storekeepers plus restaurant and theater owners refused to serve African
Americans or attempted to drive them away by rude treatment or inflated
prices.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Great Flood that swept through Indianapolis
and the rest of the state of Indiana was essentially predicted 80 years prior.
“On January 1, 1830, Catharine Merrill noted in her diary that she heard some
men tell her Pa the future of Indianapolis looked bleak. The new capital city
was “situated in a vast mud-hole which could never be dried up so as to be
depended upon. There’s White River, they said, overflows its banks. Fall Creek
overflows its banks, and Pogues Run, though the least of the three, is the very
worst to spread out over everything, . . . That bayou is awful. It’s mostly
made up of mud, and mud drowns worse than water”, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>crazy
to think that people predicted the disaster such a long time before. The “Great
Flood” of 1913 affected the entire Midwestern section of the United States and
received national attention. “According to a United States Congressional
report, the flood of 1913 stood out from its predecessors especially because of
the exceptional magnitude and intensity of the storms and because the greatest
damage occurred along tributaries, which in the past had not been the case.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>The
United States Weather Bureau reported a rain total in excess of six inches
during those five days. According to the Weather Bureau, the flooding that
resulted “cost the lives of scores of people, rendered many thousands homeless,
and destroyed property beyond estimate. . . . “The enormous losses over such an
extended area is unprecedented in the history of this portion of the United
States, and it must follow that an occurrence so unusual must have been
produced by extraordinary weather conditions.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>Therefore,
the 1913 flood was in part a natural occurrence. However, the devastation from
the flood in Indianapolis was an artifact of the city’s development and
attitudes toward the use of the river.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 200%;">The flood water didn’t do that much damage to the
east side of Indianapolis and even to the downtown section the area it really
affected was the white river area and the entire west side. “Industries along
the river were swallowed up in the flood. </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;">The Indianapolis & Vincennes railroad bridge over the White
River collapsed that same day and the Washington Street Bridge gave way the
next. Factories such as Kingan Meat Packing Company, positioned along the banks
of the White River, sank into the waters, altering the city’s industrial
landscape. Varying reports state that between four and six square miles of the city
were under water. Nearly 4,000 families lived in the working class
neighborhoods that were flooded.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background: white;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The flood waters were now stagnant pools of water filled with raw
sewage, rotting food, dead pets and livestock, bugs, snakes, and
disease-carrying rodents. Day after day, Hoosiers were bombarded with newspaper
headlines warning of looting and arrests, waterborne disease wielding
parasites, guards posted to keep away opportunistic invaders, health agencies
warning of the dangers to unsuspecting children and dangerous siphons caused by
clogged drains. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 200%;">With no
government intervention to help right after the storm Indianapolis was left on
their own for a few days. At the time, there was no Federal Emergency
Management Agency, and the American Red Cross wasn't set up for such an
emergency, so Mayor Samuel L. Shank created the General Relief Committee for
Flood Sufferers.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>The
stations were opened in available buildings and distributed donated food and
clothing.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 200%;">Residents received "relief
cards" that indicated the size of their household, employment and other
basic information, and they were allotted supplies accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 200%;">Tensions in
Indianapolis raised during and after the flood had occurred. Many people on
Indianapolis’s west side were not fully respecting this storm that was headed
there way, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 200%;">In those days, what was then-known as the National Weather
Bureau didn't have the sophisticated technology available to weather experts
today, and they were further hampered when basic communications systems failed.
Workers of the industrial industries along the white river even worked the day
before the flood hit and speculation of a storm was barely even talked about. “To
this day it is believed that high ranking Indianapolis officials left the west
side and especially residents along the White River in the dark about the
chance of these rains causing massive problems.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Racial tensions also heightened after the flood, whites of the city believed
they should be helped first over their black neighbors throughout the city. For
the most part though the city of Indianapolis came together after the flood.
Following the lead of their mayor the city residents all contributed to the
pickup after the flood. People contributed their time to the General Relief
Committee’s all around the city and especially on the west side. Citizens
donated food and clothing to the committee’s. Different from the floods in the
Mississippi, Indiana resident all came together no matter skin color and
reached for a common outcome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“For the
west side of Indianapolis the flood changed many things. After the flood much
of the west end of west Indianapolis was flooded by the waters of the White
River; this resulted in a geographical and social distinction that still exists
in west Indianapolis. The flood covered everything east of the railroad tracks
just east along Harding Street. This area became known as the “Valley.” The
west part of west Indianapolis was called the “Hill”. A local resident was
quoted in an interview as saying, “When I was young, eyebrows would be raised
if a girl or boy form the “Hill” dated someone from the “Valley.” Later the
southwest became known as the “Hollow.” The northeast became known as the
“Bottoms.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>After
the flood relief was needed for much of Indianapolis and especially the West
side. On the 26<sup>th</sup> of March just a few days after the flood a state
of emergency is issued for Indiana and Ohio cities, then problems start to
arise. With the rising flood waters relief supplies ordered by President
Woodrow Wilson take many more days than anticipated to arrive due to hampered
rail lines. For some time the citizens of Indianapolis had to go off the
general relief committee’s. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 200%;">Statewide, about
200,000 people were routed from their homes. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #333333;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>The state's population at
the time was about 2.8 million. Some homes could be salvaged, but many homes
and businesses were beyond repair. And the immediate cleanup was brutal: Within
days, the waters receded but the temperatures plummeted from the 60s to the
20s. And, it snowed. The cold might have inhibited the growth of mold, a danger
to buildings after many floods, but didn't stop the spread of typhoid, which
claimed even more lives in the flood's aftermath, After the government aid came
in the relief committee’s around the city closed up. In the past 100 years,
emergency aid, communications and other components of disaster preparedness
have improved. Infrastructure changes and population growth helped the city. “Actually,
disease percentage dropped heavily after the flood, especially to residents on
the west side. The flood almost acted as a cleansing tool to the city both
physically and socially.”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“In the decades following the flood of 1913,
government projects were undertaken to prevent future flooding. During
Roosevelt’s presidency, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) dredged and
widened bends in the White River near Muncie. WPA employees also built levees
and flood walls. In 1940s the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built floodwater
pumping stations to regulate water levels in case of another flood. These
structures (levees, flood walls, and the pumping stations) are permanent
reminders of the devastation caused by the flood of 1913 and are proof that the
natural disaster not only altered Indiana’s built landscapes by sweeping away
farms and neighborhoods and damaging bridges; it also resulted in intentional
changes to the landscape to prevent future destruction.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; line-height: 200%;">It is crazy how if a city can come together
during a disaster how much easier the clean up work can be. This is living
proof with Indianapolis, the Hoosiers all came together through every social
class and race and helped each other out.</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 13.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b>Work Cited</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Catharine Merrill: Life and Letters,
collected and arranged by Katharine Merrill Graydon (Greenfield,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indiana: The Mitchell Company, 1934), 13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Carolyn M. Brady, "The Transformation of a
Neighborhood: Ransom Place Historic District, Indianapolis, 1900-1920"
(M.A. Thesis, Indiana University, Indianapolis, 1996), 25-26.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Edward A. Leary, Indianapolis: The Story of a City
(Indianapolis/New York: The Bobbs-Merrill <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Company, Inc.,
1971), 21 and 56<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Emma
Lou Thornbrough, <u>The Negro in Indiana Before 1900: A Study of a
Minority</u> (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1957; reprint,
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 229n, 265.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Flood
of 1913 Still the Greatest." <i>The Star Press</i>. N.p., n.d. Web.
03 Mar. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Indiana Flood Damage,” by Dennis
O’Harrow, State Planning Board of Indiana, February, 1937, located at the
Indiana State Archives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Population figures from <u>Encyclopedia of
Indianapolis</u>, s.v. "Overview: African-Americans" by Emma Lou
Thornbrough</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Star, Diana Penner The Indianapolis.
"Indiana Flood of 1913 Remembered." <i>USA Today</i>. Gannett,
24 Mar. 2013. Web. 03 Mar. 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
Indianapolis News, 25 March 1913, p. 11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“West
Washington Bridge Gives Way,” The Indianapolis News, 26 March 1913, p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">William Beck, St. Vincent: The Spirit of Caring, 1881-2006
(Indianapolis: St. Vincent Health, 2006), 35-37. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Wiltz, John Edward. “In the Flood of 1913: Tragedy at Blue
Hole. Indiana Magazine of History. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">77, no. 1.
March 1981. 33-55. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">"Flood of 1913 Still the
Greatest." <i>The Star Press</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background-color: white; color: black;">Population figures from <u>Encyclopedia of Indianapolis</u>,
s.v. "Overview: African-Americans" by Emma Lou Thornbrough.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background-color: white; color: black;">Carolyn M. Brady, "The Transformation of a Neighborhood:
Ransom Place Historic District, Indianapolis, 1900-1920" (M.A. Thesis,
Indiana University, Indianapolis, 1996), 25-26.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background-color: white; color: black;">Emma Lou Thornbrough, <u>The Negro in Indiana Before
1900: A Study of a Minority</u> (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau,
1957; reprint, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 229n, 265.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Catharine Merrill: Life
and Letters, collected and arranged by Katharine Merrill Graydon
(Greenfield,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Indiana: The Mitchell
Company, 1934), 13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Edward A. Leary, Indianapolis: The Story of a City
(Indianapolis/New York: The Bobbs-Merrill <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Company, Inc., 1971),
21 and 56. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Wiltz, John Edward. “In
the Flood of 1913: Tragedy at Blue Hole. Indiana Magazine of History. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">77,
no. 1. March 1981. 33-55. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The Indianapolis News,
25 March 1913, p. 11. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> William Beck, St.
Vincent: The Spirit of Caring, 1881-2006 (Indianapolis: St. Vincent Health,
2006), 35-37. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “West Washington Bridge
Gives Way,” The Indianapolis News, 26 March 1913, p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “West Washington Bridge
Gives Way,” The Indianapolis News, 26 March 1913, p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="background-color: white; color: black;">Star, Diana Penner The
Indianapolis. "Indiana Flood of 1913 Remembered." <i>USA Today</i>.
Gannett, 24 Mar. 2013. Web. 03 Mar. 2014.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The Indianapolis Flood
of March, 1913, and Measures for Relief of Flood Victims, Secretary’s Report. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">(Indianapolis:
Cornelius Printing Company, 1913), 5. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> “Indiana Flood Damage,”
by Dennis O’Harrow, State Planning Board of Indiana, February, 1937, located at
the Indiana State Archives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-78709374216080388752014-05-09T12:26:00.003-07:002014-05-09T14:00:08.573-07:00Linton, Indiana, 1931: The Little Betty Coal Mine Explosion<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 107%;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By Peter
Kauffman</span></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On
January 28, 1931 a methane gas explosion in a coal mine that went by the name
of Little Betty killed 28 of the 38 workers on site.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Other mine explosions of
this caliber typically result in more deaths, but there were fewer workers at
the scene due to workers coming to and leaving shifts. Mine explosions, at the
time, were by no means uncommon, and were hard to prevent. News spread quickly
about the tragedy and local townspeople, of Linton, Indiana, reacted in an
effort to help. The disaster brought the people of Linton and nearby areas
close together to find the best ways to rescue and care for the victims, and to
find ways to prevent similar incidents in the future. This disaster showed how
local, state, and national efforts can come together to provide relief and
rehabilitation.</span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Linton,
Indiana, then apart of Sullivan County, was named after the politician Colonel
William Linton. The small town was officially named and incorporated in June of
1850.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Linton is located just
southeast of Terre Haute and is historically considered a coal mining town. Upon
being established in 1850, coal mines were brought up in, near, and all around
Linton. The blue collared town was made up of hard working people who
intertwined with each other making for a great community. In the fairly early
1900’s Linton’s population was even higher than it is today, which is 5,774 as
of 2010.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The people of Linton kept
themselves entertained by establishing multiple types of building ranging from
their many drinking taverns to the large number of churches. Weekly life at the
time consisted of long work schedules, friends and family, and church. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><w:sdt docparttype="Cover Pages" docpartunique="t" sdtdocpart="t">
</w:sdt>
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A large
portion of the male population worked in coal mines, one of the well-known local
mines was Little Betty. Little Betty coal mine was a fairly successful business
and never experienced any sort of disaster like the one that took the life of
28 people. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
disaster could have struck a lot worse if not for the luck of timing. Working
shifts were changing and not near as many people were in the mine as there
normally was. A remarkably low seeming number of only 38 workers were actually
in the mine at the time of the explosion.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> If the explosion had
happened only 15 minutes earlier or later, approximately 115 crew members would
have been affected. The methane gas triggered explosion immediately collapsed
the mine killing some by impact of the collapsed mine, and others by
asphyxiation. A large majority of the deceased workers were from Linton,
Indiana. Others varied from Pleasantville, Dugger, and Jasonville. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Rescue
workers and teams assembled almost immediately. Off duty workers, local
townspeople and family members, nearby miners all rushed the scene with the
motivation to help. Initially only 11 people were found and it was assumed the
rest were dead.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Early the following morning seven men were found and had survived because they
had blocked themselves off from the deadly gases. Shortly after this the rest
of the bodies were retrieved; there was only 10 total survivors. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
whole community came together and responded in effort to help. An impromptu
hospital was set up at the mine which consisted of local doctors and two nurses
from the nearby Freeman County Hospital.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> The community responded in
a huge way with their relief efforts. Volunteers set up their own sort of
ambulances to transport bodies of the injured and dead. Even if people did not
play major roles in relief efforts, they were still apart of the team. More
volunteers took the time to provide sandwiches and coffee for the other
volunteers and injured. It was that some 150 volunteers had contributed during
this disaster. The Chapter Executive Board concluded to set aside $2,000 as a
relief fund. It was also determined to set up a local relief fund for anyone to
contribute to. Indiana’s State Governor, Governor Leslie, visited Linton the
following day and donated $1,000 from his contingent fund. Food, clothing, and
shelter was provided, for the families with family members involved in the
explosion, with this fund. A Red Cross Advisory program was set up, making it
possible to classify the emergency relief and rehabilitation as a unified
program.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Relief funds were strong,
but normally would have been much larger if not for the economic depression the
country was setting into. Red Cross had already spent a large amount of its
national budget on helping with drought relief; therefore, the amount of relief
money from them was much shorter than it normally would have been. Dependents
of the workers, as well as surviving workers, received full compensation
allowance. Each family involved would receive $4,950 through 300 weekly
payments of $16.50.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Local,
state, and national relief efforts all came together to give the best care
possible. Local efforts played a large part as it provided the strength in
numbers of volunteers and rescue workers. Without the immediate response of
local people more deaths would have been more likely, and rehabilitation would
have been more delayed. Local hospitals dedicating resources to the scene was
also very important. State efforts came into play with generous donations from
the Indiana Governor and from other state wide policies. Another contributor at
the state level was the Indiana National Guard. The National Guard was
responsible for delivering over 40 cots for the impromptu hospital set up at
the mine.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> National Guard members
also played a role in rescue work. Many members were involved in going down
into the mines in hopes of finding survivors. And of course on the national
stage, the American Red Cross played a massive role in rehabilitation, funding
so much of what was vital to proper recovery. Rescue work was done in a very
quick and efficient way. The locals at the scene were putting themselves in
very dangerous positions without any reward. Without the bravery of volunteers
putting themselves in a collapsed mine while exposing themselves to deadly
gases the survivors likely would have never made it out. State contributions
from Governor Leslie played a huge role in caring for families and providing
for volunteer workers. The state contributions were vital because they came
quicker than those at the national level. And then obviously reliefs would not
have been near as strong without the help of the American Red Cross on the
national level. Even in a time of economic struggle, funding for rehabilitation
and compensation was brought together from a combination of local and national
power. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Of the
10 survivors one of them, Fred Reed, was listed as dead in the initial reports.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Reed’s status was later
changed when he was eventually found and accounted for, alive. Reed’s
significance would be the inaccuracy of many articles released at the time
confirming that 29, rather than 28, were dead. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Linton
was a very small and social town. Maybe not so small to the point that
everybody knew everybody, but the explosion at the mine revealed a lot of
character about the people of the town. People reacted and came together,
people were there for each other, and the community reacted as a whole. The
disaster really shook up the town’s population, but together they were able to
not only provide rescue work, but relief and reconstruction. The townspeople
themselves raised over a thousand dollars for the families of victims. The
tragedy that was the coal mine explosion really showed that the people of
Linton were family, and that they knew how to come together and give their best
efforts. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
disaster would forever change the way Linton would be shaped. Linton had always
been a coal mining city, and never really knew anything else. The Little Betty
mine was well known and respected; however, it did not last past its collapse. Linton
today is home to a State Park and a railroad museum. Its surrounding areas consist
of well-known colleges and attractions such as Holiday World and the
Indianapolis Zoo. Compared to the rest of Indiana, Linton now is a majority
senior citizen population and also largely female. The town is not known for
its high wealth rates and is about average in terms of racial diversity.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Mines were always trying
to make for a safer place to work and regulations had continually been passed,
and in 1969 the first big act had been passed. The Federal Coal Mine Health and
Safety Act making coal mines a much safer environment. In 1973 the Mine
Enforcement and Safety Administration was established.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> This organization brought
about safer and healthier work environments and also required safety training
and for rescue crews to always be on duty, above and underground. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The
Little Betty coal mine explosion of 1931 was devastating to the Linton
Community. The explosion goes to show just how dangerous coal mines really were
in the old times. This tragedy was not single handedly responsible for any new
acts or laws, but was one of many similar incidents that led to today’s much
safer environments. This particular disaster goes to show how different levels
of groups of people can come together to reach a common goal. Response and
rescue was quick and effective at the scene of the accident, and the amount of
relief with the given circumstances was tremendous. City, state, and national
parties all worked together to find the best ways to care for the victims.
Local people of the city understood the tragedy and from their experience they
were able to contribute to preventing more accidents. The city of Linton and
its people responded as well as anyone could have to the tragedy, and really
came together as a community. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bibliography <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">City
Town Info</span></i><span style="line-height: 200%;">. N.p.: QuinStreet, Inc., 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span lang="EN" style="line-height: 200%;">INDIANA COAL MINE EXPLOSION KILLS 20." <i>The
Washington Post (1923-1954),</i> Jan 29, 1931.
http://ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Mike McCormick.
“Historical Perspective: Coal Mine Disaster 80 Years Ago Kills 28.” <i>The Tribune Star, </i>December 4, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<pre style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">Msha.gov. Accessed March 4, 2014. </span><a href="http://www.msha.gov/disaster/disaster.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.msha.gov/disaster/disaster.htm</span></a><span style="line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><span style="line-height: 200%;">New York Times</span></i><span style="line-height: 200%;"> (New York, NY). "31 Killed in Blast in Indiana Mine." January 29, 1931, 3. Accessed March 4, 2014. </span><a href="http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/news/docview"><span style="color: windowtext; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/news/docview</span></a><span style="line-height: 200%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></pre>
<pre style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Wabash Valley Visions & Voices. Last modified 2007. Accessed March 3, 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></span></pre>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">
http://visions.indstate.edu1.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></pre>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" />
</span><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Mike McCormick.
“Historical Perspective: Coal Mine Disaster 80 Years Ago Kills 28.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Tribune Star, </i>December 4, 2011. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>City Town Info</i>. N.p.: QuinStreet,
Inc., 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>City Town Info</i>. N.p.: QuinStreet,
Inc., 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Wabash Valley Visions & Voices. Last modified 2007. Accessed March 3, 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>http://visions.indstate.edu1. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mike McCormick. “Historical Perspective: Coal
Mine Disaster 80 Years Ago Kills 28.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpLast" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tribune Star, </i>December 4, 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Wabash Valley Visions & Voices. Last modified 2007. Accessed March 3, 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>http://visions.indstate.edu1. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Wabash Valley Visions & Voices. Last modified 2007. Accessed March 3, 2014. <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>http://visions.indstate.edu1. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>New York Times</i> (New York, NY). "31 Killed in Blast in Indiana Mine." January 29, 1931, 3. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accessed March 4, 2014. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/news/docview.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>New York Times</i> (New York, NY). "31 Killed in Blast in Indiana Mine." January 29, 1931, 3. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Accessed March 4, 2014. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/news/docview.<o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span lang="EN">INDIANA COAL MINE EXPLOSION KILLS 20." <i>The Washington Post
(1923-1954),</i> Jan 29, 1931.
http://ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i>City Town Info</i>. N.p.: QuinStreet,
Inc., 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Msha.gov. Accessed March 4, 2014. http://www.msha.gov/disaster/disaster.htm <o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-62213024426471954562014-05-08T21:17:00.002-07:002014-05-09T14:00:08.560-07:00The Little Betty Coal Mine Explosion of 1931<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i><b>By A. N. </b></i><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><i><b> </b></i> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the 1930’s Americans were experiencing the effects of the Great Depression. Millions of Americans were without work. At the time of the huge economic breakdown, Herbert Hoover was president of the United States. He lost the election of 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Americans had hopes that Roosevelt would help solve the economic crisis. Because so many Americans were out of work, families were traveling from place to place in search of work. Roosevelt established something that became known as the New Deal. These programs were put into place in order to create jobs and begin to cut down on the unemployment rate.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">The small towns of Indiana were affected just as much as those in any other state in the nation. Farmers were not paying their mortgages and began to lose their land. Public relief became a point of focus for Paul McNutt, Governor of Indiana. Of the many towns that were effected, Linton Indiana was no exception. During the Great Depression, the town of Linton suffered a great tragedy. The Little Betty mine explosion of 1931 left twenty-eight men dead. The mining site was about five miles southwest of Linton. The explosion was the worst that Greene County had experienced. At the time of the blast shifts were in the middle of changing so that meant there were fewer men in the mine at the time of the blast, but over two hundred in the surrounding area. The men were waiting for the end of shift bell to sound when the blast occurred. A spark igniting quite a bit of blasting powder brought on the blast. However, it was later reported that a gas explosion caused the blast. The workers that survived the explosion described it as a “burning cyclone”. There were black clouds of what is called “damp” all throughout the mine, making it difficult to see. Right after the explosion occurred men from the crews </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">that were coming in and out of the mine rushed to help. Crews were made up of about six to seven men. </span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After about a few hours men from other mines that were nearby came to help the cause as well. There were one hundred and twenty five volunteers on site. Doctors and several nurses from the Freeman County Hospital provided first aid to the wounded in a make shift hospital that was set up in the mining office. Eleven men died the night of the explosion due to injuries they sustained during the initial blast. At six thirty the following morning a rescue party discovered seven men that had survived the blast from inside the mine. These men were originally pronounced dead. Of these men, Jule Wellington had survived a previous mine explosion in February of 1925. Wellington was able to guide the men to safety and close them off from the explosion. A man named Ben Snyder was sure of the remaining member’s death. Snyder scratched the hour of the explosion on a slate in case that they were not found for a long period of time.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The explosion that Wellington survived occurred in Sullivan County in the winter of 1925. This explosion was caused by a spark from a piece of machinery. This blast killed fifty-one men on initial impact. During the 1920’s there were between fifty and sixty mines operating in Indiana and huge coal mine explosions were not an uncommon occurrence. They continued to happen all over until the state and federal authorities slowly cracked down and enforced new regulations. In this explosion, rocks that had caved in at the entrance to the mine trapped men underground. One hundred and twenty men were in the mine at the time of the explosion. When this blast occurred, the mine had only been in operation for about one year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Little Betty was the name of the mine where the explosion occurred. It is argued whether it was part of Greene or Sullivan County. It was located just south of the four way bridge in Sullivan County. This was the third major explosion since 1925.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The town of Linton was excited to have seven survivors, but this excitement was overcome by the sadness of the loss of all the other men who due to the explosion. Ambulances from many funeral homes come to the site to collect the deceased and bring them to hospitals and morgues in Linton and nearby Sullivan. The local Red Cross established a relief fund with $1,209.62 with public donations adding up to $1,466.26. These funds were mostly used to help the families of the deceased pay their mortgages, establish trust funds for the dependents, cover burial expenses and medical aid. The governor of Indiana, Henry Guyner Leslie, paid the town of Linton a visit and gave $1,000 from his emergency relief fund. Leslie also worked very close with Dr. Earl V. Bull, who was the mayor of Linton at the time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The superintendent of the mine, Pete Donie, initiated early rescue operations. Donie made several trips underground looking for his brother who was a pit boss. His brother Martin Donie was later found dead in the mine. While making trips into the mine, many volunteers passed out from the gas but were able to recover quickly. William and Ed McQuade provided the crews with Brattice cloth. This was used to help restore the ventilation system in the mine. Wayne Hamilton was a Linton pharmacist who helped the cause by donating his entire stock of flashlights. The entire community came out to help the cause.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Most of those who died in the explosion were residents of Linton. These men included Earl and William Bedwell, Hubert Butler, Charles Centers, Herbert Herod, John Letot, John McPhail, Henry Metz, George Neal, Don Newkirik, Dean Phipps, and John Suthard, Jr. There were also miners from nearby Pleasantville and Sullivan. The dead were burned so badly by the explosion that they were very difficult to identify when they were found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Little Betty was owned by the Little Betty Coal Corporation of Chicago at the time of the explosion. President, L. H. Dayhoff, ran the company.<span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Prior to the explosion, Linton was a town with many businesses including real estate agencies, barbershops, furniture shops, etc. There were dentists and lawyers as well as surgeons. But what put Linton on the map was the discovery of the coalmines. Before the mines were uncovered Linton had a population of about three thousand. After the discovery of the mines the population reached twelve thousand in a matter of six years. This population continued to grow and develop as the mines grew. The population of Linton was almost completely white. There were very few other races, and among those, none were black.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It was said the amount of coal in the Linton mines was “inexhaustible”, and mine labor was the highest paid labor in the state of Indiana, making Linton the ideal location to move to with it’s plethora of jobs in the mines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Early on Linton had a good education system consisting of three large schoolhouses. The city also had strong churches where everyone gathered on Sunday mornings. Linton had three newspapers, only one was printed daily. The city also relied on the railroad system to get around, including getting the men to the mines. Four railroads came through the city; the Illinois Central, the Pennsylvania, the Chicago, and the Indianapolis & Louisville. At the time, it was the only city in Indiana to have four direct railroads to Chicago and three to Indianapolis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Coal mining regulations were not as strict at the time of the Little Betty explosion. Miners were not even required to wear hardhats until the 1930’s. To the owners of mining companies, a mule was worth more than the man doing the actual mining. If the mile died, the company would have to find and buy another and if a man died in the mines, it would be easy to find a replacement considering the country was full of unemployed men looking for work. Since 1900, over one hundred thousand miners have lost their lives in accidents underground. This caused stricter government regulation of mining companies. In early years of mining, the miners would bring canaries underground with them. A canary’s lungs, because they are so small, would die due to a lack of oxygen or exposure to methane gas. If the canary died the men knew it was time to get the heck out of there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act was put in place in 1969, nearly forty years after the Little Betty explosion. This act was put in place to get improved health and safety standards. This act also provided benefits to miners who suffered black lung disabilities. It took years for the government to realize that they needed to do something about the poor working conditions miners spent so much time in.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> “The Magical Coal City,” <i>Linton Public Library</i>, 1, March, 2014.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Historical Perspective: Coalmine disaster 80 years ago kills 28,” <i>The Tribune Star</i>, 4, December, 2011. 2 ,March, 2014.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Safety,” <i>Coal Camp Memories</i>, 1, March, 2014.<span style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Indiana Coal Mine Explosion Kills 20,” <i>The Washington Post</i>. 29, January, 1931. 1, March, 2014</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-32936747091210634342014-05-08T21:16:00.001-07:002014-05-09T13:45:25.655-07:00Porter, Indiana, and the Disastrous Train Wreck of 1921<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>By Captain B</i></b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">The great train wreck of 1921 took place in the small town of Porter Indiana. The town was not even one hundred years old when this disaster occurred. The town was founded in 1822 by a man named Joseph Bailly. At this time, it was known as the Bailly Settlement. The Bailly Settlement had eight log cabins on it by the year 1833. Just one year later in 1834 the Bailly Settlement is platted and is known as the Bailly Homestead. Tragically, Joseph Bailly died in 1835. Joseph family continued to live on the land and expand it after he died. Joseph’s son in law and a man named Joel Wicker open a saw mill and start clearing the land in 1848. This attracts a lot of people who come to buy and settle on the land once it is cleared. Two years the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad reaches Porter County. This marks a turning point in the town because the town is now much more accessible. Large numbers of people start to move to Porter County and settle the land in the ten years including a large amount of Lutheran people. Then in 1861, the civil war breaks out. A lot of men and boys from the county go off to fight. Once the war is over, the town then continues to expand. In 1865, President Lincoln was murdered. Lincoln’s funeral train came through and stopped at Porter’s train station. Life continues to move on in Porter Indiana. In 1882 the population of Porter is roughly 250 people.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[1]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> That is a serious amount of progress is some sixty year span.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1893, the Michigan Central Railroad built a new tower for the train station at the crossing of Porter. Train continues to be a big part of Porter as well as large brickyards. In 1903, a massive fire was caused by the sparks of a train going by and it burned down the Chicago Hydraulic Press Brick Co. The company sued the railroad. A man in 1902 named Gerry Long talks about that day and says “We fought the fire all day to keep the whole town from burning up…”</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[2]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Although this was a big setback, that did not stop innovations in Porter. The Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad started construction in Porter in 1906. Then in 1908, Porter is finally officially the town of Porter. Also, the South shore and South Bend Railroad is complete. One year later, a train wreck in South Shore kills twelve people. Three of the men were from Porter, Indiana. In 1910, the population of Porter is 524.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;"> The town, along with much of the country during this time, keeps expanding. More and more stores are popping up. A race track was in constructed in Porter. All kinds of businesses take advantage of the ever expanding population in Porter. Evidence of this expansion is in the numbers. The growing population is clear evidence of this expansion. In 1920, the population is 699</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[4]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">. In ten years the population jumps up nearly two hundred people. In 1921, the awful train wreck occurs. This wreck was about way more than just Porter. There were people from all over the east side of the country on those trains. This train wreck was just as much and maybe more so of a national event than it was a local event.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">The train wreck of 1921 was actually two trains. The first train was New York Central passenger train No. 151. The second train was the Michigan Central train No. 20. The New York Central was traveling from Buffalo, New York to Chicago, Illinois. That train made this route every single day. I am not sure where all over the passengers were from in the New York Central. It is safe to assume that many of the people were east coast people making their way to the Midwest. The Michigan Central was heading from Chicago Illinois to Windsor, Canada. Once in Windsor, the Canadian Pacific would take over the train was it continued on into Canada. The train was mix of Canadian cars and Canadian Pacific equipment. There were also a number of different sleeper cars, a dinner, and a day coach. In the day coach was roughly 70 people. These people were from all over the Midwest. They were from Indiana and Michigan mostly.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">The investigations indicate that the Michigan Central train ran through the blocking signal which caused the train to derail. The train kept going at high speeds for some three hundred feet or so. At three hundred feet the train was re-railed and was back onto the tracks where it coasted to a stop. This left the day couch consisting of the 70 or so passengers right on the cross between the two railroads. It was moments later that the New York Central absolutely demolished the coach. It crashed into that coach going full speed. The impact caused the coach to seemingly disappear. There was nothing left but fragments of wood and the loss of human life. The New York train was moving so fast that after it hit the Michigan train, it was derailed and the train hit the ground so hard that it created a ten foot deep hole in the ground. It was said that the bodies were so badly mangled that identification was nearly impossible because almost nothing was left. Clearly, this was a tragedy.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">Initially, it appeared that the Michigan train was at fault for the accident. They were the ones who ran through the signals causing the train to derail. The Michigan train instantly jumped into its own defense. It claimed it was not their fault and they did not know whose fault it was. The Engineman of the Michigan train said</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">“My fireman, Block, first sighted the signal that meant a clear track and called my attention to it. We were running a full speed and did not slow down when we were certain the signal was right. Proof that we were not to blame for the wreck is seen from the fact that the engine and one coach passed the derail. I will not state what I believe caused the wreck. The derail was locked and I could not be to blame.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[5]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">Joseph Cook was working as the leverman that day for the area. Cook claims that it was in fact the Michigan trains fault. The protocol for when trains approach at a similar time is as follows. Whichever train hits the single first is who gets to go through first. The second train is then signaled to slow down and stop. This allows safe passage for the first train. The locks are then set so that the second train will not able to pass. Normally this would not cause a train to derail because the train would have seen the signal to slow down sometime before and would be a near stop when it comes in to contact with the locks. Joseph said that is exactly what happened that day. He said everything was by the book. The New York train hit the single first. Therefore, they were permitted to go first. He then singled for the Michigan train to stop. Cook assumed everything was going smoothly. He then lifted the block, which allowed the New York train to pursue through the crossing. Moments later the Michigan train came into sight heading sixty miles an hour. Cook said in disbelief and confusion</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">“I cannot understand how the engineman of the Michigan Central train could have proceeded against the two blocks which were set against him. I can't help but feel that the engineman must have been asleep, for there are two blocks which are visible for almost a mile and half before he reached the crossing. I heard later that his fireman had admitted that the engineman disregarded the block.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[6]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">The initial indication that it was the Michigan trains fault appears to be supported by evidence. The investigation would show that the Michigan train did indeed run through two singles saying to stop and ignored them.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">In the weeks that followed, there was full investigation. To no ones surprise, Engineman Long and his Fireman from the Michigan train were found at fault. There was testimony from the workers of the Michigan train, as well as the people who worked the signals. Long’s own men testified against him. They told the courts that</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">“<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">two brakemen of his train, standing on the track, giving stop signals with their lanterns to No. 20. These two brakemen testified that they were west of the home signal; that they gave "ease off" signals with their white lights, but receiving no acknowledgement they began to give violent stop signals. One of these men was on the fireman's side and one on the engineman's side of the track; no response was received to the signals.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[7]</span></span></span></a></span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">It is clear that Long and his fireman ignored every signal telling them to stop and pursued through the tracks regardless of what they were supposed to do.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">This collision sent a message to people both in and out of the train industry. Clearly, something needed to be done to strengthen the safety of these trains and something needs to be done to insure that signals are being seen. Overall, a change was needed. At the time of the wreck the max speed a train was supposed to go was forty miles per hour. </span><span style="color: black;">The Michigan train is noted as going anywhere from thirty-five to fifty miles an hour. So, part of why the train derailed so hard is because of its speed. After the wreck, the Bureau of Safety called for the maximum speed of trains to be reduced. This would slow things down obviously, but trains would be able to stop much more quickly incase of emergencies. Also, overall control of the train would be much higher. Another change that the Bureau of Safety called for was the creation of automatic train control device. They wanted this as well as the equipment that was already in place. This was not the first time that this was suggested. This wreck was just another example of how this would have helped and saved lives. The addition of this equipment would help eliminate mistakes based on human error, which was the real issue with this event. Finally, something else that was noted was that the train coach was made of wood and not steel. It is hard to say how many would have lived if the coach was made of steel, it definitely would have helped. The wooden coach was completely destroyed. It served as virtually no protection. Adding all steel coaches could help save lives by adding a lot more protection.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: black;">There is little description of the passengers of either train. The passengers were most likely middle or upper class to be riding on the trains especially coming from cities such as Chicago and New York. Those who died were in the coach car. This is further evidence that the people were most likely upper or middle class because the coach cars were usually pretty ornate. They were designed for comfort and for style. The wreck was in papers all over the country. Part of this is because of the passengers and the fact they were pretty well to do people. Also, the country needed an eye opener and the <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Bureau of Safety wanted to make an example of this event. Train wrecks were not necessarily common, but they were not a novelty either. This was not the first wreck and it wouldn’t be the last. The Bureau of Safety needed leverage to make changes and these changes were definitely necessary.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;">I was unable to find much about how it impacted the cities with which the wreck place in. No one from Porter was killed or even injured. Also, there had been wrecks in this part of Indiana before so they were not completely shocked that this happened. Nevertheless, the town firefighters and doctors did their best to help. After the wreck, the town of Porter went back to normal. A lot of the injured were rushed to other cities and towns outside of Porter. So the town did not have much impact on the event and the event did not impact them all that much. Porter was put in the limelight for awhile, but that is all. The people that were most affected was Michigan City, Indiana, which is where a lot of the dead were from. It was a blow to the community to lose that many on a train, which a lot of people thought was one of the best means of transportation at the time. It was an eye opener for a lot of people about the risks of trains, but people still road them because of their efficiency.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bibliography</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Canright, Betty, and Eva Hopkins, “The Town of Porter, Indiana.” <i>The Town of Porter, Indiana</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Westchester Twp History Museum,n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Story: Disaster at Porter, Indiana – 1921.” <i>Story: Disaster at Porter, Indiana – 1921</i>. Michigan’s Internet Railroad History Museum, n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Canright, Betty, and Eva Hopkins. “The Town of Porter, Indiana.” <i>The Town of Porter, Indiana.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Canright, Betty, and Eva Hopkins. “The Town of Porter, Indiana.” <i>The Town of Porter, Indiana.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Canright, Betty, and Eva Hopkins. “The Town of Porter, Indiana.” <i>The Town of Porter, Indiana.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Canright, Betty, and Eva Hopkins. “The Town of Porter, Indiana.” <i>The Town of Porter, Indiana.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> “Story: Disaster at Porter, Indiana – 1921.” <i>Story: Disaster at Porter, Indiana – 1921.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> “Story: Disaster at Porter, Indiana – 1921.” <i>Story: Disaster at Porter, Indiana – 1921.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> “Story: Disaster at Porter, Indiana – 1921.” <i>Story: Disaster at Porter, Indiana – 1921.</i></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-8599731707647011482014-05-08T21:14:00.002-07:002014-05-09T12:39:34.960-07:00The Great Porter Train Wreck of 1921<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By M. C.</span></i></b></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">With great progress always comes the possibility for great adversity, and as the United States entered a time of advancement in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, its communities would experience both. Developments in technology and industry provided Americans with new opportunities for employment and transportation, connecting cities and towns throughout the country. The railroad industry in particular would revolutionize the way people and products were transported, laying its first foundations across the Eastern and Midwestern regions of the United States. The state of Indiana would prove to be a major component in the development of railways, however it would not be immune from the innumerable train wrecks that disturbed communities all over America. One such tragedy reached Porter County in the early twentieth century.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Located in the Northwest corner of Indiana, Porter County spans a distance of approximately 420 square miles and is divided into three sections: the Calumet, Morainic, and Kankakee.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> The county was highly populated by Native American tribes – particularly the Potttawatomi – prior to the twentieth century, although they were soon joined by settlers. The first white settler, Joseph Bailly, arrived in 1822 and established the county’s first Catholic Church and trading post.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> The arrival of more settlers brought about an increase in construction and development, and Porter County was officially established on January 28, 1836.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[3]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The population of the county at this time was fairly sparse but began to grow substantially in the late nineteenth century, and by 1900 the population of Porter had reached close to 19,000 people.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> While the county owes a portion of its growth to agricultural production, Porter is also rich in industrial history. Several wagon manufacturers began production in 1839, followed by an abundance of sawmills in the 1840’s. Several smaller industries also started developing, including cigar and shoe factories, breweries, and furniture manufacturers. Brick manufacturing would soon prove to be a profitable industry for Porter, and by 1884 there were eight brickyards throughout the county, most of them in or near Porter Township.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[5]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> With an increase in construction and industry came a necessity for greater methods of transportation. Residents of Northwest Indiana had been relying on waterways and old Indian trails to travel to nearby cities for supplies and trading. Road construction began in 1836 and by 1912 nearly 250 miles of roadways had been constructed.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> With the arrival of railroads in the 1850’s, the possibility for progress in Porter County became clear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The close vicinity of Porter County to Chicago, along with its Northwestern position in the state, made its cities and towns ideal locations for the establishment of railway systems. The first tracks, built in 1850, were part of the Michigan Central Railroad and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> The Michigan Southern Railroad was established in 1837 and combined with the Erie & Kalamazoo Railroad and the Northern Indiana Railroad in 1855 to form the Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana Railroad, stretching from southern Michigan to Chicago, Illinois. Several years later it merged with Lake Shore Railroad, becoming the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad, which would extend its tracks to Ohio.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> The Michigan Central Railroad was founded much earlier, in 1837. Originally connecting cities only in Michigan, it later extended to parts of Indiana, Illinois, and Canada. Despite its distance, the New York Central Railroad began purchasing railway systems throughout the Midwest under the direction of Cornelius Vanderbilt. By 1869 the New York Central Railroad had acquired both the Michigan Central and the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railroad.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[9]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Railroads were undoubtedly a major part of industrialization, not just in Indiana but across the United States, and large conglomerates like the New York Central Railroad were becoming increasingly common during the early twentieth century. Concern about potential monopolies and devastating numbers of casualties called for government intervention. According to Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) reports, from 1902 to 1911 4,146 passengers and 33,761 railroad employees were killed in the United States. More than 113,000 passengers and 403,000 employees sustained major injuries during this period.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> While there were many reasons for these staggering statistics, the lack of standardized technology and safety regulations were perhaps the most monumental. As a result, Congress established a number of new railroad safety laws through the ICC. These included the Accident Reports Act of 1910, requiring the collection and documentation of accidents and casualties, and the Block Signal Act of 1906, requiring the installment of safety devices like signaling systems. The Signal Inspection Law of 1920 was implemented to help reduce train wrecks caused by defects in these systems.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> These regulations proved to dramatically decrease the number of employee and passenger casualties. From 1923 to 1931 the number of employee deaths was under 12,000 and there were only 747 passenger casualties.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[12]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> While government regulation certainly improved railroad conditions and prevented many casualties, train wrecks still happened frequently through the 1900’s. With over 200 of the 7,300 miles of railroad in Indiana running through Porter County, accidents were bound to occur.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[13]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One such tragedy struck Porter Township on Sunday, February 27, 1921. Around 6:30 PM, the Michigan Central Canadian No. 20, eastbound from Chicago to Toronto, and New York Central’s Interstate Express No. 151, westbound from Boston to Chicago, approached the diamond-shaped track intersection in front of the switching tower.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> Failing to heed a signal set against it, the Michigan Central train struck an automatic derailing device about 600 feet from the intersection, causing the train cars to bump alongside the tracks until reaching a stop. With the third and fourth passenger coaches sprawling the intersection, the New York Central train crashed through moments later, bending the rails ten feet into the air and scattering pieces of the coach cars fifty yards in all directions.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[15]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> One witness, Gerry Long, lived close to the intersection and rushed to the wreck. As ambulances approached and local townspeople made their way to the crash site, he was able to pull several men free from the New York Central train.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[16]</span></span></span></a> The critically wounded were rushed to a hospital in Michigan City, Indiana, where several victims lost their lives. As bodies were transferred to the Chesterton morgue, the Porter County coroner, H.O. Seipel, took over body identifications and the preliminary investigation.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[17]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">With the exception of Claude Johnson and George Deland, the engineer and fireman of the New York Central train respectively, all casualties were from the Michigan Central train.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[18]</span></span></span></a> It was incredibly difficult to determine how many people were killed due to the mangled conditions of the bodies and several decapitations. Seipel was admittedly doubtful that an accurate body count would be possible, and his initial report of 42 casualties was later reduced to 37.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[19]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The initial investigation, led by coroner Seipel and assisted by Michigan Central Division superintendents, concluded that most of the identified deceased were residents of Indiana and Southern Michigan, including professionals, young married couples, and, sadly, many young children.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[20]</span></span></span></a> As representatives of the Indiana Railroad Commission arrived to begin the state’s investigation, witness reports began to surface and suspicion of Michigan Central’s engineman, William Long, began to mount.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Several railroad employees present at the time of the wreck were interviewed to determine its cause and who was at fault. The tower leverman, Joe Cook, was responsible for setting the railway signals that evening. With two trains approaching the intersection, tower operators had to determine which would reach it first by waiting for them to trip their respective circuits and sound buzzers in the tower. Upon hearing New York Central’s buzzer, Cook aligned the tracks accordingly, setting a red stop signal for the Michigan Central train. According to Cook and the other tower operators on duty that evening, the train disregarded this signal, and when it became apparent that it would not stop, the men rushed from the tower. Unfortunately, they were unable to alert either train before they collided.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[21]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> David Curtis was the engineer on an adjacent Michigan Central train that was waiting at a nearby crossing for the Canadian No. 20 to pass. According to his report, his position provided clear vision of the signal and he was certain that the light had been red. Two brakemen aboard this same train witnessed the Canadian No. 20 approaching and raced to the track to alert Engineman Long of the impending crash, but to no avail.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[22]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> William Long and George Block, the engineman and fireman of the Michigan Central Canadian No. 20 respectively, were responsible for observing the tower signals during transport. According to Long’s statement, he slowed the train as it approached the signals and Block confirmed that the signal was green and they were clear to pass. Long claimed that he checked the signals himself and thought he saw a green light, but later reported he was not sure due to smoke and steam. Block corroborated Long’s story, confirming the presence of smoke and steam, but was adamant that the signal light had been green.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[23]</span></span></span></a> Despite the overwhelming number of witness reports conflicting Long’s story, Michigan Central Railroad authorities supported the engineman and placed blame on Joe Cook, claiming that both engineman Long and fireman Block had clean records.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[24]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> According to the Interstate Commerce Commission report, however, both William Long and George Block had a history of irresponsible and reckless behavior on the job. Long had been hired by the Michigan Central Railroad in 1890 as a fireman and was promoted in 1901 to engineman. He had several suspensions listed in his service records, including one ten-day suspension in 1901 and two ten-day suspensions in 1907 for failing to heed stop signals. In 1909 he was removed from service due to defective vision, but was re-instated only months later. No suspensions were listed until 1918 when he was suspended thirty days for colliding with a caboose car. George Block had been hired by the Michigan Central Railroad in 1915 as a fireman, was recruited for military service from 1916 to 1919, and after only three months back on the job he was suspended thirty days for ignoring a stop signal.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[25]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Conflicting witness reports and the questionable records of engineman Long and fireman Block led to an investigation of the signal system near the wreck site in Porter. Results concluded that the system had been operating properly and the signals had, in fact, been set against the Michigan Central train.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[26]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The accused men were held on bonds of $5,000 and $3,500, which were paid by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[27]</span></span></span></a> William Long and George Block were released on March 4, 1921, and had the support of the Brotherhood and an attorney. Coroner Seipel and several witnesses, including David Curtis and the brakemen from the other Michigan Central train present at the wreck, signed affidavits against Long and Block shortly after their release and an official inquest was held on March 5, 1921. Official witness statements were given and the accused’s attorney issued their official statement, placing blame on the railroad companies for constructing tracks that were widely considered to be a “death trap.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[28]</span></span></span></a> At the conclusion of the inquest, William Long of Niles Michigan and George Block of Michigan City, Indiana were officially charged with involuntary manslaughter. The trial date was set for June 6, 1921.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[29]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Unfortunately, the trial would never come to pass. It was postponed several times until February of 1922 when the case was dropped by Indiana’s Superior Court. Apparently, the state had failed to obtain the material witnesses. William Long and George Block were released from custody.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[30]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Despite the government’s intervention in the railroad industry, incidents similar to the Porter Wreck continued to occur for many years. While Porter Township eventually recovered from the wreck, the community was losing its members and businesses to larger surrounding cities like Chesterton and Valparaiso. In fact, from 1910 to 1930 the county’s population only increased by about 1,500 people.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[31]</span></span></span></a> Since then, Porter County has maintained its communities through its railroad connections and the appeal of the nearby Indiana Dunes. While past events like the wreck of 1921 have been widely forgotten, they have significantly influenced the railroad industry which served as a model of business and government policy for future corporations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“41 Known Dead in Train Wreck.” <i>Waterloo Press </i>(Waterloo, IN), March 3, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“About N.Y.C.” <i>New York Central System Historical Society, Inc., </i>accessed February 22, 2014. http://nycshs.org/about-n-y-c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="citationCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“An Evaluation of Railroad Safety.” <i>Princeton University</i>, accessed February 28, 2014. http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1978/7808/780806.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="citationCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="citationCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bartholomew, Charles M. “Serene Sunday Shattered: Great Porter Train Wreck of 1921 Killed 37.” <i>Post-Tribune</i>, March 16, 2008. http://infoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bicentennial History Book Committee. <i>A Biographical History of Porter County </i>Indiana: The American Revolution Bicentennial Committee of Porter County, Inc., 1976.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="citation" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Borland, W.P. “Investigation of Railroad Accidents: 1911-1993,” <i>Department of Transportation Library</i>. March 14, 1921. http://ntl1.specialcollection.net/scripts/ws.dll?websearch&site=dot_railroads<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Drop Porter Wreck Cases.” <i>Fremont Eagle </i>(Fremont, IN), Feb. 14, 1922.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Engine Crew is Held on Charge of Manslaughter.” <i>Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette </i>(Fort Wayne, IN), March 5, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Engineer Held in Wreck Quiz.” <i>Mitchell Commercial </i>(Mitchell, IN), March 10,1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Glass, David and Durand, Joseph. <i>Porter County Sesquicentennial: 1836-1986</i>. 1987. http://www.inportercounty.org/Data/Misc/PorterCountySesquicentennial-1986.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Indiana State Happenings.” <i>The Register </i>(Newburgh, IN), May 20, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Parks, Richard. “Michigan Central Railroad.” <i>Railroad Index</i>. Last modified July 9, 2011. http://www.r2parks.net/mc.html.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">“Trains Crash at Crossing, Somebody Misread Signals, Blame Not Yet Determined.” <i>Kokomo Daily Tribune </i>(Kokomo, IN), Feb. 28, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="citation">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Dave Glass and Joseph Durand, <i>Porter County Sesquicentennial: 1836-1986 </i>(1986), 5, http://www.inportercounty.org/Data/Misc/PorterCountySesquicentennial-1986.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Ibid., 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Bicentennial History Book Committee, <i>A Biographical History of Porter County </i>(Indiana: The American Revolution Bicentennial Committee of Porter County, Inc., 1976), 12.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Dave Glass and Joseph Durand, <i>Porter County Sesquicentennial: 1836-1986 </i>(1986), 36, http://www.inportercounty.org/Data/Misc/PorterCountySesquicentennial-1986.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Ibid., 68.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> Ibid., 73.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> Ibid., 73.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> “About N.Y.C.,” <i>New York Central System Historical Society, Inc., </i>accessed February 22, 2014, http://nycshs.org/about-n-y-c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> Richard Parks, “Michigan Central Railroad,” <i>Railroad Index</i>, last modified July 9, 2011, http://www.r2parks.net/mc.html.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> : “An Evaluation of Railroad Safety,” <i>Princeton University</i>, accessed February 28, 2014, http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1978/7808/780806.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> : “An Evaluation of Railroad Safety,” <i>Princeton University</i>, accessed February 28, 2014, http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1978/7808/780806.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[12]</span></span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[13]</span></span></span></a> Dave Glass and Joseph Durand, <i>Porter County Sesquicentennial: 1836-1986 </i>(1986), 6, http://www.inportercounty.org/Data/Misc/PorterCountySesquicentennial-1986.pdf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> Charles M. Bartholomew, “Serene Sunday Shattered: Great Porter Train Wreck of 1921 Killed 37,” <i>Post-Tribune</i>, March 16, 2008, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[15]</span></span></span></a> “41 Known Dead in Train Wreck,” <i>Waterloo Press </i>(Waterloo, IN), March 3, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[16]</span></span></span></a> Charles M. Bartholomew, “Serene Sunday Shattered: Great Porter Train Wreck of 1921 Killed 37,” <i>Post-Tribune</i>, March 16, 2008, http://infoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[17]</span></span></span></a> “Trains Crash at Crossing, Somebody Misread Signals, Blame Not Yet Determined,”<i> Kokomo Daily Tribune </i>(Kokomo, IN), Feb. 28, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[18]</span></span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[19]</span></span></span></a> “Engine Crew is Held on Charge of Manslaughter,” <i>Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette </i>(Fort Wayne, IN), March 5, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[20]</span></span></span></a> “Trains Crash at Crossing, Somebody Misread Signals, Blame Not Yet Determined,”<i> Kokomo Daily Tribune </i>(Kokomo, IN), Feb. 28, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[21]</span></span></span></a> W.P. Borland, “Investigations of Railroad Accidents: 1911-1993,” <i>Department of Transportation Library</i>, March 14, 1921, http://ntl1.specialcollection.net/scripts/ws.dll?websearch&site=dot_railroads<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[22]</span></span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[23]</span></span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[24]</span></span></span></a> “Trains Crash at Crossing, Somebody Misread Signals, Blame Not Yet Determined,”<i> Kokomo Daily Tribune </i>(Kokomo, IN), Feb. 28, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[25]</span></span></span></a> W.P. Borland, “Investigations of Railroad Accidents: 1911-1993,” <i>Department of Transportation Library</i>, March 14, 1921, http://ntl1.specialcollection.net/scripts/ws.dll?websearch&site=dot_railroads<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[26]</span></span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[27]</span></span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[28]</span></span></span></a> “Engine Crew is Held on Charge of Manslaughter,” <i>Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette </i>(Fort Wayne, IN), March 5, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[29]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana State Happenings,” <i>The Register </i>(Newburgh, IN), May 20, 1921.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[30]</span></span></span></a> “Drop Porter Wreck Cases,”<i> Fremont Eagle </i>(Fremont, IN),<i> </i>Feb. 14, 1922.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[31]</span></span></span></a> Dave Glass and Joseph Durand, <i>Porter County Sesquicentennial: 1836-1986 </i>(1986), 36, http://www.inportercounty.org/Data/Misc/PorterCountySesquicentennial-1986.pdf.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-61181739844958297132014-05-08T21:12:00.002-07:002014-05-09T12:39:38.889-07:00The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus Train Wreck of 1918<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By C. A. S.</span></i></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus had previously finished their last show on June 1, 1918 and were preparing to leave for their next location they were to perform at. They performed a charity show for the inmates in the State Penitentiary located in Michigan City, Indiana.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> They were setting off to perform on June 22<sup>nd</sup> at Hammond, Indiana. They had previously performed in Hammond in 1907, 1910, 1912, and 1914 and this performance was to be no different than the ones before. Most of their traveling occurred at night, when most of the trains were not on the railroads. This trip was thought to be no different. Everyone was exhausted from a long week of performing. They were comforted by the fact that they were able to rest on a long relaxing train ride, or so they thought.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Benjamin E. Wallace, a resident of Peru, Indiana, was a lumber yard and livery owner.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> Benjamin E. Wallace dreamed of one day running his own circus. Wallace began first by acquiring various and essential equipment with James Anderson, who was his business partner. They purchased equipment from the W.C Coup Circus and the Nathan and Co.’s Circus. On April 26, 1884, the “Wallace and Co.’s Great World Menagerie, Grand International Mardi Gras, Highway Holiday Hidalgo, and Alliance of Novelties Circus” opened in Peru, Indiana.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Wallace became the main proprietor of the renamed “B.E. Wallace Circus” when he bought out James Anderson’s share in 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Carl Hagenbeck, who was an animal trainer and importer, had been exhibiting various animal shows in Europe and the United States since 1877.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Carl Hagenbeck then opened the “Carl Hagenbeck Circus” in 1903. Shortly after, Benjamin E. Wallace purchased Carl Hagenbeck’s circus and combined both of their circuses. Thus, in 1907 the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus was established. The Circus was sold in May of 1913 to Edward W. Ballard, John O. Talbot, and C.E. Cory (the nephew of Benjamin E. Wallace). Edward W. Ballard, Bert Bowers, and Jerry Mugivan took ownership of the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus in 1918.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Later in 1918, the three of them formed the American Circus Corporation. John Nicholas Ringling bought the American Circus Corporation in 1929 for a total of 1.9 million dollars.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> John Nicholas Ringling decided to close the circus in 1938 after running it several years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus became the second largest and most popular circus following behind the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus, which was the most successful circus in the United States.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus traveled far and wide performing all across the country. The Circus collected large sums of currency, specifically silver, from their shows. The banks did not allow for the Circus to deposit such large sums of money. Benjamin E. Wallace did not want the money to be stolen, so he shipped it in barrels that were labeled as nails back to Peru, Indiana. The headquarters in Peru, Indiana are now used as the International Circus Hall of Fame. Wallace organized a bank, (Wabash Valley Trust, which was later renamed the Wabash Valley Bank), that was able to handle large transactions.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[8]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus suffered from various tragedies that they faced over the years. The Circus experienced two train wrecks in 1903. The circus train wrecked for the first time on July 16, 1903 in Shelbyville, Illinois.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> This accident resulted in two deaths and four injured people. A couple weeks later the circus train wrecked again in Durand, Michigan on August 6, 1903, resulting in 121 people injured and 35 deaths.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> The Wabash River flooded in 1913 nearby where the circus was stationed for the winter.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> The flood came so quickly and unexpectedly that the circus employees were unable to react to the disaster in time. The circus employees were unable to save the animals and equipment from the flood on time. The flooded caused a huge financial set back because the circus lost vital equipment and animals, such as their horses and elephants. These various events were devastating to the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus, but the disaster of June 1918 struck an incomparable blow to the circus and was known to be one of the biggest circus train wrecks in the history of the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">June 22, 1918<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Circus Train<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Circus prepared for their travel to Hammond, Indiana for their performance that was expected to start at 10 o’clock on June 22.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[12]</span></span></span></a> The first train took off at one o’clock that morning, packed with all of the equipment and show and work animals. It was very common for circuses to have multiple trains to transport all of their equipment, animals, and personnel quickly and efficiently to their next locations. The second train was to be pulled by Engine Extra 7826.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[13]</span></span></span></a> This train consisted of 26 cars, which included seven stock cars, fourteen flatbeds (used for the circus wagons and work trucks), and four Pullman sleeping cars.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> The second train loaded the rest of the equipment and personnel and headed on their way to Hammond at 2:30 in the morning. The passengers were sound asleep in the Pullman sleeping cars. There was only one car that had electric lighting, so the rest of the cars were lit with oil and kerosene lamps. The cab of the engine held the fireman Clyde Phillips, engineer Gasper, and the front brakeman Curtis Aust.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[15]</span></span></span></a> The train conductor R.W. Johnson, train master Fred Whipple, and the rear brakeman Oscar Timm occupied the caboose.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[16]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Military Troop Train<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> </b>Alonzo Sargent was a 28 year-old Michigan Central veteran and Kalamazoo engineer. On June 21, he was called into work at 5 o’clock that evening. Sargent was in desperate need of sleep due to his inability to sleep the night before. Alonzo Sargent then received orders three hours later to operate Engine Extra 8485.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[17]</span></span></span></a> Sargent took off from Kalamazoo at 10:55 pm with an empty 21-car military troop train. Sargent rode alone with his fireman, Gustave Klauss.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[18]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The military troop train stopped to fill the water tanks at Michigan City at 2:47 am and quickly got back on its way ten minutes later.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[19]</span></span></span></a> Sargent found that the travel was very slow because they were stuck behind a slower traveling train. Sargent had to slow down many times until the train pulled off onto another track. It was a cold night and the firebox warmed up the cab very quickly. Soon, Sargent became very drowsy and fell asleep.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">World War I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> World War I began in 1914, but the United States did not officially become involved in the war until April 6, 1917. Before the United States entered the war, they tried to stay neutral and provided supplies to Britain and other Allied Powers. Before Indiana was involved in the war, there raged a war within the state. There was a large number of German immigrants and residents that resided in Indiana. These German-Americans were poorly looked upon and discriminated against in society. They were thought to be spies that were sent from Germany to collect information about situations that were happening within the United States.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> There were around 4 million military personnel that were mobilized from the United States and 130,000 of those soldiers were sent out from Indiana.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[20]</span></span></span></a> There was a large number of deaths that the United States experienced at the time of World War I. Many of these deaths happened within the heat of battle, but a large number of deaths occurred due to the Spanish Influenza.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[21]</span></span></span></a> Indiana attempted to find ways that would prevent this deadly influenza from spreading, but these efforts were little to no help at ceasing it from spreading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> During World War I, the United States kept the railroads very busy with transporting troops to the east coast to send off to fight that were brought from across the country. After reaching the east coast, the trains would take off empty to pick up more soldiers to send off. Extra Engine 8485 was used as one of the trains that would transport soldiers to mobilize for the war.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[22]</span></span></span></a> The 21-car steel Pullman was returning from dropping soldiers off at the east coast. Sargent made a quick stop in Kalamazoo, Michigan before he continued his trip to Chicago to pick up more troops.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[23]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Unexpected Accident<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> </b>The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus’ second train stopped around 4 o’clock am to check an overheated wheel bearing box from one of the flatcars. The train pulled halfway into the switch with the front part of the train on the Gary and Western Railroad tracks and the rear on the Michigan City Railroad tracks. The train had sent off two yellow signals of caution and two red signals of warning.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[24]</span></span></span></a> Oscar Timm was sent to the back of the train to keep watch. Timm saw up ahead that a train was approaching quickly and threw a flare to warn the train to stop. Sargent was driving this train and ignored all of the signs as he drew closer to the circus train. Timm was frantic and threw his lantern into the front window of Sargent’s train. Suddenly, the troop train rear ended the stationary circus train. The troop train was traveling at 60 miles per hour. The troop train smashed all three sleeping cars before it stopped. The impact of the troop train killed those who were sleeping in the cars instantly within 35 seconds. Due to the oil and kerosene lamps that were lit in the cabins, the whole train went up in flames. The fire viciously consumed many lives and burned the people beyond recognition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Surgeons and nurses were dispatched from Hammond, Gary, Whiting, Chicago, and other nearby towns to help with all of the affected victims. The Gary Fire Department responded to the incident and tried to put out the flames, but were unable to due to the lack of water that was available in that area.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[25]</span></span></span></a> Those who were stuck in the fire refused to be rescued in attempts to prevent others from going into the fire. Many efforts were made in attempts to save those circus personnel, but the impact of the wreck was astonishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Showmen’s Rest<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Showmen’s League of America purchased a plot of land in 1916 at Woodlawn Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois at the intersection of Des Plaines Avenue and Cermak Road.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[26]</span></span></span></a> This plot of land was named the Showmen’s Rest and was reserved for the burial of circus employees (such as the circus crew) and circus performers. Showmen’s Rest consists of 750 graves of circus personnel. The plot only had burials for people, no animals were buried here. The plot is encircled by five white elephants. These elephants were sculpted with their trunks lowered showing signs of mourning. These elephant statues are important because the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus was known for presenting the most extravagant elephant acts ever seen.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[27]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A desire and well known saying that drives the passion of a circus is a performers wanting to never “leave the boards” of the stage. This desire and passion is still lived out to this day to recognize and honor those performers who lost their lives and are buried at Showmen’s Rest. A private memorial service for these fallen performers is held each year in August during International Clown Week. The circus then performs a public performance in honor and remembrance of the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus performers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Burials<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The final calculation of those who were involved in the devastation was concluded. Various newspapers reported that out of the 400 people aboard the circus train, 86 people were killed and 127 were injured.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[28]</span></span></span></a> The people were reported to have been killed either from the initial impact of the empty troop train or the untamable fire. There were still others who had gone missing and were never found. Edward W. Ballard reported that there were around 60 people who remain missing. The Rooney family (bareback riders), the Meyers family (animal trainers), the Cottrell family (bareback riders), Rosie Rosiland (equestrienne), the Donovan family (elephant trainers), and Robert Ellis and his wife (aerialists) were among those who were reported to be missing.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[29]</span></span></span></a> Those who had lost their lives in this unexpected disaster were buried in Showmen’s Rest. The burial and memorial for these people took place directly five days after the accident. A Catholic priest and a Protestant clergyman equally lead the memorial service.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Out of all the people that were recorded to have been killed, only 24 of these bodies were identified.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[30]</span></span></span></a> Those who were identified received their own grave with their identifiable information on the tombstone. Many of the bodies that were unrecognizable were renamed as unknown male/female and then given an identification number. These unknown bodies were mostly buried in bigger graves altogether. “Baldy” and “Smiley” were two performers that were buried under their show names. Jennie May Ward Todd, Joe Coyle and his family, and the “Great Dieckx Brothers”, Arthur Dieckx and Max Nietzborn, were some of the few performers who were identified.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Victims<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Jennie May Ward Todd was one of the many whom were tragically killed in the crash. Jennie was born on December 8, 1889 and was 29 years old at the time of the accident.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[31]</span></span></span></a> She was a young but extremely talented circus performer. She performed as one of the “Flying Wards”. Jennie was married to Alexander William Todd. Jennie performed with her brother, Edward, and Edward’s wife, Mayme.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[32]</span></span></span></a> Edward was seriously injured, but fortunately Mayme was able to escape without any serious injuries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Joe Coyle was born in 1881 and always held the nickname “Big Joe”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[33]</span></span></span></a> As a kid, he knew that he wanted to be a performer. He started performing in 1901 in the W.H. Harris Nickel Plate Show by singing and performing on his bicycle. Later he left to join the John Robinson Big Ten Show. Joe was able to get good experience before he joined the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus as a clown. He and his wife, Stella had a nine-year-old son, Howard, and a two-year-old, Joe Jr.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[34]</span></span></span></a> Joe Jr. was also considered “Little Joe” after the nickname that his father had. Traveling with the Hagenbeck-Wallace circus, Joe was unable to see his family often. Joe was very thankful that his family was able to come and support him at his performance in Illinois and travel with him on the train June 22, 1918.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[35]</span></span></span></a> His family planned to travel to with him then take a trip back home once they reached Hammond, Indiana. Unfortunately, Joe’s happiness of having his family travel with him quickly dissipated. Joe watched as his wife and two sons were crushed and burned to death. Joe was rescued and taken away to the hospital. Later, Joe also passed due to terrible injuries from the crash. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Aftermath<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Show Must Go On<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> </b>The Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus lost many of their clowns, bareback riders, trapeze performers, and acrobat veterans. The losses that they faced were devastating for the friends and family of those who perished, as well as for the continuing on of the show. Thanks to their circus competitors, the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus only missed the show that was to take place in Hammond, Indiana. The Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey helped the circus by providing necessary equipment and performers to help them finish their performance schedule for that season. They performed their next show in Beloit, Wisconsin.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[36]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sargent’s Charges<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b> </b>Alonzo Sargent was then brought to court to testify about the wreck. Oscar Timm, the flagman for the Hagenbeck-Wallace Circus train, explained that there were many yellow and red signals that Sargent ignored.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[37]</span></span></span></a> He also explained that he lit a flare when he saw the train coming from a mile away. As the train moved closer, Timm threw his lantern into the front window and noticed that he was unable to see the engineer. Later, Timm explained that Sargent was asked by a circus personnel how the wreck happened and said that Sargent told him that he had been sleeping.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Gustave Klauss was on the troop train as Sargent’s fireman. He was a previously new fireman. Klauss testified that he saw the lantern thrown into the cab and realized what was about to happen. He screamed to get Sargent’s attention, but was so struck with fear that he was unable to recall whether or not Sargent attempted to respond.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[38]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Alonzo Sargent refused to confess what had happened to have caused the wreck. He said that there was an abundant amount of steam that inhibited him from seeing any of the signals that were set off.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[39]</span></span></span></a> Later, Sargent admitted that he had fallen asleep and was the reason that the crash happened. Sargent was charged with manslaughter and charged for failure of not following the rules of the railroad by blowing his whistle to have alerted the other train.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[40]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The train wreck of June 22, 1918 still stands as being the worst circus train wreck in US history. Many lives were forever changed due the mistake of one man. After the wreck, a regulation was put into effect that required for train crews to have had a certain number of hours of sleep at the least before operating the train. Many regulations were put in place in attempts to make the railroads safer to travel upon. In the years following, the railroad became a safe and fun way to travel and transport various resources most effectively.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[12]</span></span></span></a> “Showmen’s Rest,” <<a href="http://www.showmensleague.org/showmens-rest">http://www.showmensleague.org/showmens-rest</a>>, 2012. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[13]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[15]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[16]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[17]</span></span></span></a> “Hagenbeck Wallace Circus,” < <a href="http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html">http://www.circusesandsideshows.com/circuses/hagenbeckwallacecircus.html</a>>, 2013. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[18]</span></span></span></a> “Showmen’s Rest,” <<a href="http://www.showmensleague.org/showmens-rest">http://www.showmensleague.org/showmens-rest</a>>, 2012. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[19]</span></span></span></a> “The Great Circus Train Wreck of 1918, Part 2,” <a href="http://regionrambler.com/features/history/the-great-circus-train-wreck-of-1918-part-2/">http://regionrambler.com/features/history/the-great-circus-train-wreck-of-1918-part-2/</a>, 2014. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[20]</span></span></span></a> “World War I,” <i>Indiana Historical Society, </i>18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[21]</span></span></span></a> “World War I,” <i>Indiana Historical Society, </i>18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[22]</span></span></span></a> “The Great Circus Train Wreck of 1918, Part 2,” <a href="http://regionrambler.com/features/history/the-great-circus-train-wreck-of-1918-part-2/">http://regionrambler.com/features/history/the-great-circus-train-wreck-of-1918-part-2/</a>, 2014. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[23]</span></span></span></a> “61 Dead, 179 Hurt in Circus Wreck: Wallace-Hagenbeck Cars Destroyed,” <i>New York Times, </i>23 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (6).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[24]</span></span></span></a> “Wreck Inquest Opens Today, As Circus Goes On,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 24 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[25]</span></span></span></a> “Wreck Inquest Opens Today, As Circus Goes On,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 24 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[26]</span></span></span></a> “62 Bodies From Wreck: 85 Killed In Circus Train Disaster, Is Belief of Manager,” <i>Washington Post</i>, 24 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[27]</span></span></span></a> “The Great Circus Train Wreck of 1918, Part 2,” <a href="http://regionrambler.com/features/history/the-great-circus-train-wreck-of-1918-part-2/">http://regionrambler.com/features/history/the-great-circus-train-wreck-of-1918-part-2/</a>, 2014. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[28]</span></span></span></a> “Says Engineer Was Sleeping: Railway Lawyer Fixes Responsibility For Wreck,” <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, 25 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (15).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[29]</span></span></span></a> “Circus Lists 60 Dead: 129 Others in Gary Train Wreck Sent To the Hospital,” <i>Washington Post</i>, 23 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[30]</span></span></span></a> “Eighty-Five Dead Total In Circus Train Wreck,” <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, 24 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (13).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[31]</span></span></span></a> “Jennie May Ward Todd,” <http: cgi-bin="" fg.cgi="" page="gr&GRid=39171441" www.findagrave.com="">, 7 July 2009. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></http:></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[32]</span></span></span></a> “Jennie May Ward Todd,” <http: cgi-bin="" fg.cgi="" page="gr&GRid=39171441" www.findagrave.com="">, 7 July 2009. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></http:></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[33]</span></span></span></a> “Wreck Inquest Opens Today, As Circus Goes On: 62 Bodies Found, While 23 More Are Believed Fused In Cinders,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 24 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[34]</span></span></span></a> “Wreck Inquest Opens Today, As Circus Goes On: 62 Bodies Found, While 23 More Are Believed Fused In Cinders,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 24 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[35]</span></span></span></a> “Wreck Inquest Opens Today, As Circus Goes On: 62 Bodies Found, While 23 More Are Believed Fused In Cinders,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 24 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[36]</span></span></span></a> “One Funeral for 53 Wreck Dead Here Tomorrow,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 25 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[37]</span></span></span></a> “One Funeral for 53 Wreck Dead Here Tomorrow,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 25 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[38]</span></span></span></a> “Arrest Wreck Engineer: Fireman Also Must Explain 61 Circus Dead,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 23 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[39]</span></span></span></a> “Arrest Wreck Engineer: Fireman Also Must Explain 61 Circus Dead,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 23 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[40]</span></span></span></a> “One Funeral for 53 Wreck Dead Here Tomorrow,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, 25 June 1918. 18 February 2014. (5).</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-11072693965948783842014-05-08T21:11:00.002-07:002014-05-09T12:40:00.757-07:00The Wabash Flood of 1930: Posey County<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By E. S.</span></i></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The Wabash River presented the southwestern region of the State of Indiana with harsh flooding conditions during mid January of 1930. In addition to the already impacted region, subzero temperatures hit a few days after the heavy rainfall, creating even harsher and more dangerous situation for the people of this region. These subzero temperatures created mile long ice gorges along the river that made this somewhat mild flood into one comparable to the one of 1927 along the Mississippi. One of most affected areas in this southern region of the state was Posey County. Since this disaster caused no fatalities, the county was affected mainly economically due to the county’s heavily agricultural based industry.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Posey County in on the Southwestern most part of the State of Indiana; it is considered as a transitional zone between the North and South, and based on the geography, it could possible be considered a transitional zone between the East and West.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> The county is bordered by the Wabash River (east bank) and Ohio River (north bank). The county holds seven townships: Bethel, Black, Center, Harmony, Lynn, Marrs, Point, Robb, Robinson, and Smith. Within these townships holds two well-known and important towns to the county: New Harmony located in Harmony Township and Mount Vernon located in Black Township. New Harmony lies along the east bank of Wabash River and it is 15 miles by land from the Ohio River. It was originally named Harmony and founded in 1814 by the Harmony Society led by German Immigrant, John Rapp.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></a> </span>This was a German, religious group that were originally from Harmony, Pennsylvania and sold the land and buildings to Robert Owen in 1825 after they decided to move. Robert Owen was a Welsh social reformer and industrialist that re-named the town New Harmony, with the aspirations of creating a utopian community there, which unfortunately encountered it’s economic failure shortly after.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> The town became well known for it’s social and scientific advances within the community nationwide. It continued to be a heavily based farming community after that and into WWII; as of 1913 the town had two banks, a mill, and other establishments having to do with farming, such as a few grain elevators. The town was mostly known for it’s dependency on agriculture and some manufacturing but it also offered a wide diversity in occupations and various cultural and religious opportunities in the early 1900’s. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a>Mount Vernon lies on the Ohio River and is also the seat of Posey County and was formed in 1805 and was named after George Washington’s plantation, Mount Vernon, which resides in Fairfax County, Virginia. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> It was there where Thomas Posey grew up living next door to Washington, Posey County itself was named after General Thomas Posey. Mt Vernon’s main industries during the late nineteenth century included industries such as The Keck Gonnerman Company, which manufactured engines, threshers and portable sawmills, but mainly milling industries. Mills in Mt. Vernon that were around during these times that mainly were used for grinding grain, lumber, and whiskey. Some examples of these mills include, Home Mill and Grain Company, the Sunlight Mil, and the Fuhrer Ford Milling Company. These were the main businesses as well as the farming that occupied the town during this time though the oil business came to Mt. Vernon in the early 1930’s. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a>Both towns were especially important during the flood and are the largest and most well known within the county and both agricultural ones as well. Though there were other industries that existed during this time, Posey County was proven to be a mostly agricultural area in the early twentieth century and into the 30’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The county’s sturdy agricultural industry is what mainly supported the county during the harsh economic times of the 1930’s. Posey County proved to be a large farming region for Indiana when in July of 1926; it set America’s record for the largest wheat crop. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a> The county did not feel experience the dramatic effects of the depression immediately unlike some areas of the country. The agriculture, school, and church interests made the depression less intense for the area; there were conventions held in the neighboring town of Mt. Vernon that allowed business to survive throughout the depression.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a> There were 4-H efforts and farmer institutions that also supported the county’s agricultural business, many crop prices went down, but it was recorded these price drops weren’t too critical. Though the county’s agricultural base didn’t completely crumble, it still experienced its share of impact. The U.S. census shows the county had 2, 071 farms in 1920 and then in 1930 it dropped to 1,733. These numbers slightly dropped during this ten-year period, the county was still covered in 215,805 acres of farmland in 1930, though in 1920, 233,828 acres of land was consumed with farming. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a> In 1930 the county’s harvested crop count was 120, 837 and the crop failure count was 16,317. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> This crop failure was very high compared to other counties during this time most likely being a result of harsh conditions the land went through during the flood and it’s affects on the land afterwards. These numbers were, such as farm count, were probably altered by the economic changes that occurred in between these time periods as well in one way or the other and the urbanization movement seen during this time. Mainly, these changes in the agricultural numbers were, in all likelihood, due heavily to the environmental factors. Events such as droughts and natural disasters like the flood of 1913 hold the most significance toward this agricultural shift and other effects on the county.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The flood of 1930 was not the first time Posey County had encountered a flood and experienced the obstacles that came along with. In the month of March during the year 1913, it rained for ten days, raising the Wabash River by 15 inches. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a> The water rose rapidly causing the river to start flooding surrounding areas. New Harmony, being the highest point in the county and also had been previous minimally harmed by past floods, had been taken over by these rising waters. More than 3,000 homes in New Harmony were flooded and most of them ripped from their foundations as well. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a> There were efforts made to manage the overwhelming results of the heavy rainfall, barges came loaded with stones to mend the breaks in the levee but crashed into the levee making a much larger break and much larger problems. The residents were forced out of their homes, due to a significant amount of these homes being water logged or ripped away from the raging waters. The residents of the affected areas took refuge in the hills, and places like city halls and churches. The people themselves were not the only things that were affected in Posey county; the extreme amounts of water carried things away with the current like buggies, machinery, farm equipment, wagons, and even buildings. The status of livestock was documented in the <i>Western Star</i>, it stated, “ hundreds of hogs and thousands of chickens and poultry of all kinds were swept away by the rushing waters.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a> The Ohio River rose just as rapidly and as high as the Wabash, making Mt. Vernon also experience the disastrous impacts of flooding. It was recorded that the Ohio River water marks had reached 52.8 feet, making this flood the worst the town had ever seen to the date. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span></a>The estimated damaged for the county was around 800,000 dollars.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span></span></a> Though no deaths were recorded in this flood, it had a major impact on the agricultural status of the county and made heavy loses for the farmers; thousands of dollars were just due to the damages of corn and wheat. It was recorded that the American Red Cross provided relief to these farmers by providing them with necessities such as food and clothing that the farmers, like many of the other residents were striped from. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span></span></a>This was also around the time when the American Red Cross had started to provided relief to victims of things such as natural disasters. This county now had a first hand encounter with the brutality of severe floods and what they entail such as the amount of damages and the costs of those damages. This flood had helped prepare, if not warn the county, that it’s location near the Wabash and Ohio Rivers would most likely present more severe floods in it’s future, which would also need the aid of outside help such as the American Red Cross, such as the flood of 1930.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The American Red Cross was starting to become progressively present in local disasters in the early twentieth century, such as the flood of 1913 and in the relief efforts during the flood in 1930. This organization, that is present today along with it’s founding missions, was founded as a charitable, non-government organization on May 21<sup>st</sup> 1881 by Clara Barton and a few other colleagues; it was inspired by her travels to Europe after the civil war and her observations of the Swiss Global Red Cross. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[17]</span></span></a> The American Red Cross is known for providing aid to and supporting: people affected by disasters, members of the military and their family, blood collection and distribution, health safety education and training, and international relief and support as well. The first time the organization started to provide services to veterans, safety training, accident prevention, home care for the sick, nutrition education, and relief for victims of natural disasters was after WWI, which was what sparked the organization growth in funds, that were contributed from the public. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span></span></a>The American Red Cross began to play a bigger role in local disasters such as the Mississippi flood of 1927, severe droughts, and even the depression in the 1930’s; the Wabash flood in 1930 was not one forgotten. The national Red Cross representative at the time of the 1930 flood, H.B. Williamson, claimed in the <i>New York Times</i>, January 23<sup>rd</sup> 1930 paper that the conditions produced by this flood rivaled those of the Mississippi flood in 1927. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[19]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> According to the monthly weather review for January, 1930 the only floods were those of the Wabash- White River system in Indiana, and the St. Francis River of Arkansas. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[20]</span></span></a> Natural warnings had been given to the Wabash area from the December snow melting from the high temperatures of early January and the rain patterns that began to be heavy into the 14<sup>th</sup> day into the month. The first few days of this heavy rainfall the average was 2.60 inches over the upper half of the Wabash Valley and 2.90 inches over the lower half. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[21]</span></span></a> These numbers proved to be significantly lower than those seen in the previous major flood on the Wabash in 1913, but the 15<sup>th</sup> of January occupied the area with a large temperature drop, making the conditions significantly more complicated and severe for the area of Posey County. These temperatures formed ice gorges, a large one being just south of New Harmony. As if the water wasn’t harsh enough, these ice gorges also contributed toward the destruction and damage to the levees that protected towns in the Posey County area.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[22]</span></span></a> In <i>The Washington Post</i> on January 22<sup>nd</sup>, it was recorded that the ice gorges were up to eight miles wide in lower Posey County, were damning up the flood waters that were already over flowing the river’s banks. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[23]</span></span></a> These ice jams gave fear to the residents in the county that were already enduring the brutal conditions the flood gave them but also the sickness the water and subzero temperatures gave them as well, such as pneumonia, smallpox, and influenza. In a report from the <i>Chicago Dailey Tribune, </i>it was said that there were reports from Mount Vernon that conveyed worry for two families that took refuge in a home that had been submerged in water since the families arrived there.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[24]</span></span></a> This put residents at an even greater risk along with the loss of resources such as food, water, shelter, and fuel which the flood viciously took from them. The stranded residents of Posey County who mainly owned homes in low lying farm land towns were taking refuge in the upper stories and roofs of homes. While the residents of the areas were seeking refuge, animals were being frozen in the ice forming from the water in barns, and horses and cattle had been without food for weeks, many livestock did not survive long. Though the residents were not forgotten by any of the state relief missions and efforts, the plans for delivering this relief were limited due to the ice gorges.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Relief efforts were trying the best they could in the conditions that Posey County and surrounding areas affected by the flood were in. The ice proved to be too thick for supplies brought to the refugees by boat, so aircraft was issued to aid affected flood areas along the Wabash River.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[25]</span></span></a> The Indiana National Guard, 113<sup>th</sup> Observation Squadron, lead by Lieutenant Lawrence Genan and Walter Peck carried packages containing food and medicine to wide areas in devastation. Other options were used to deliver much needed supplies as well, such as brought via sled. An example of this was recorded in the newspapers stating, nine men with one hand sled each, brought supplies such as food and fuel to hard to reach areas with isolated people.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[26]</span></span></a> Even with relief efforts put forth, affected areas were still heavily impacted by the natural disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Residents of Posey County primarily felt the physical and economical impacts of the Wabash River flood and the surrounding affected areas as well. H.B. Williamson, national American Red Cross representative reported that at least 200,000 acres of land in the areas, including Posey County, had been flooded and affected by the water from the Wabash. The American Red Cross surveys also showed that three Indiana counties (along with 3 Illinois counties), 2,265 families are flood survivors, 1,025 are homeless, and 1,180 are in need of help. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[27]</span></span></a> The physical affects of this flood directly impacted the economic results of the flood. Though this flood was not as severe as the flood seen in 1913, there were still devastating costs that were made due to the flood and the subzero impacts on the flooded areas. A monthly weather report of January reported that seven hundred dollars of tangible property was damaged, around sixty seven thousand dollars worth of crops were damaged, and suspension of businesses cost around nine thousand dollars.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[28]</span></span></a> The possibilities of severe flooding in this area was something that Posey County and surrounding areas knew beforehand due to previous situations with the Wabash, so this event was one that the community had slightly experienced before. The warnings of the Weather Bureau ended up saving the affected counties almost forty thousand dollars of damage that could have been caused by this flood. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[29]</span></span></a> This could have been mostly due to experience and efforts towards a levee system on the Wabash. The flood could have caused a lot more problems than it did considering the status of the weather and the people involved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The Wabash flood in 1930 was not seen as Posey County’s or even the southwestern region of Indiana’s largest and most impactful flood of the early twentieth century, but it was certainly a unique flood to these areas. This flood was not simply just a flood, in addition to the Wabash River rising, subzero temperatures occupied the water turning it to ice. The ice gorges and freezing temperatures made it a difficult for a farming community like Posey County to know how to handle the situation they were given. Mentioned earlier, Posey County did not struggle as much as some areas during the depression of the early 1930’s, although this flood set the county back a little it did not bring any lasting affects on the community other than efforts made to prevent this type of flooding from happening again. The land was the major area in the disaster that was affected by the flood. To summarize, this flood impacted Posey County mostly economically due to the heavy dependence the county had on it’s agriculture industries, no significant social or political impacts were made by the Wabash River flood in January of 1930 that were large enough to create concern. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></div>
<div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> Adams R., William, <i>Archeological Notes on Posey County Indiana</i> (Ann Arbor: Indiana Historic Bureau, 1949) pg. 11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> “Posey County Cities and Towns: New Harmony,” <i>Posey County Government Website</i>, http://poseycountygov.org/poseycounty/citytown/citytown.asp?id=3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> “Posey County Cities and Towns: New Harmony”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> “Town of New Harmony, Indiana,” <i>Official Site Of New Harmony Town Government</i>, http://www.newharmony-in.gov/about_new_harmony.php<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> “Posey County Cities and Towns: Mount Vernon,” <i>Posey County Government Website</i>, http://poseycountygov.org/poseycounty/citytown/citytown.asp?id=2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a> “The History of Mount Vernon,” City of Mount Vernon Indiana, http://www.mountvernon.in.gov/category/subcategory.php?categoryid=24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a>Jennifer St. John, <i>Posey County Indiana One Hundred Seventy Fifth Anniversary 1814-1989: 175 Anniversary History </i>(Nashville: Turner Publishing Company, 1989), 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a>John, <i>Posey County Indiana One Hundred Seventy Fifth Anniversary 1814-1989, </i>22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a> William Lane Austin,<i> “</i>Farm Acreage and Farm Values By Townships Or Other Minor Civil Divisions,”<i> Fifth Census of The United States: 1930, Agriculture</i> (Washington: United States Printing Office, 1931) 167<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> William Lane Austin<i>,</i> “Agriculture: Farm Acreage and Farm Values By Townships Or Other Minor Civil Divisions,” 167<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a>John, <i>Posey County Indiana One Hundred Seventy Fifth Anniversary 1814-1989, </i>24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a> John, <i>Posey County Indiana One Hundred Seventy Fifth Anniversary 1814-1989, </i>25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a> John, <i>Posey County Indiana One Hundred Seventy Fifth Anniversary 1814-1989, </i>25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span></a> John, <i>Posey County Indiana One Hundred Seventy Fifth Anniversary 1814-1989, </i>26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span></span></a> John, <i>Posey County Indiana One Hundred Seventy Fifth Anniversary 1814-1989, </i>26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span></span></a> John, <i>Posey County Indiana One Hundred Seventy Fifth Anniversary 1814-1989, </i>26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[17]</span></span></a> “A Brief History of the American Red Cross,” <i>American Red Cross, http://www.redcross.org/about-us/history</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span></span></a> “A Brief History of the American Red Cross”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[19]</span></span></a> “Sickness Adds to Hardships of Marooned Folk: More Than 2,000 Families Flood Survivors,”<i> Chicago Daily Tribune, </i>Jan 23, 1930, 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[20]</span></span></a> R.E. Spencer, “Severe Local Storms: Rivers and Floods,” <i>Monthly Weather Review </i>(1930), 32-33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[21]</span></span></a> Spencer, “Severe Local Storms” 32-33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[22]</span></span></a> Spencer, “Severe Local Storms” 32-33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[23]</span></span></a> “New Alarm on Wabash,” <i>The Washington Post,</i> Jan. 22, 1930, 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[24]</span></span></a> “Sickness Adds to Hardships of Marooned Folk: More Than 2,000 Families Flood Survivors”, 3<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[25]</span></span></a> “Ice Jams Hide Fate of Flood Area Folk,” <i>The Washington Post, </i>Jan. 29, 1930, 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[26]</span></span></a> “Sickness Adds to Hardships of Marooned Folk: More Than 2,000 Families Flood Survivors”, 3:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[27]</span></span></a> “Sickness Adds to Hardships of Marooned Folk: More Than 2,000 Families Flood Survivors”, 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[28]</span></span></a> Spencer, “Severe Local Storms” 32-33<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[29]</span></span></a> Spencer, “Severe Local Storms” 32-33<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-50611181171506971102014-05-08T21:07:00.003-07:002014-05-09T13:25:40.547-07:001918 Midwest Blizzard Disaster<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> By M. Byers</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The year is 1918 in the American Midwest. The economy is a thriving network of goods and resources traded and transported by railroad cars. The winter has been a usual one with nothing special to report. Then everything changed early January. A blizzard like no other struck Illinois and moved to Indiana and eventually Ohio. These three states were blanketed with snow. Cities like Chicago and Indianapolis where buried. The weather had gotten so bad railroads were totally shut down<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[i]</span></span></span></a>. Not only did this severely hinder the economies of these cities, it halted out of state relief efforts.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Trains were literally frozen to the track. Businesses such as taxi firms simply suspended all operations and refused to pick people up. Public theaters opened to house homeless citizens from the freezing weather. With no national relief it was up to the citizens to aid themselves. Businesses shut down operations so their workers could help shovel snow. Community members banded together to move massive amounts of snow. Cities hired workers during the blizzard to go out in the extremely cold conditions and shovel snow.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[ii]</span></span></span></a> Frost bite was a regular occurrence. Many citizens wish they saw this coming.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Months before the blizzard most Americans main concerns involved the war. The United States was four years into World War 1. Earlier that year the United States had severed all ties with Germany and since then the war had only gotten bloodier and more gruesome.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[iii]</span></span></span></a> President Woodrow Wilson was in the second half of his final term in office. This war had become the defining event of his presidency. Also around that time soon to be notorious gangster Al Capone earned the nickname Scarface. After making unwanted advances at “New York Hood” named Frank Galluccio sister in a dance hall. Galluccio proceeded to cut Capone’s face three times<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[iv]</span></span></span></a>. In California, an up and coming magician by the name of Houdini tried and failed his first attempt at being buried alive. After being covered with dirt 6 feet under, he attempted to dig himself out scarcely reaching the surface be he became unconscious<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[v]</span></span></span></a>. 1917 was filled with many events.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> It wasn’t until later that year when the country realized it was in for a very cold winter. States like Tennessee and West Virginia had experienced record cold temperatures that December.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[vi]</span></span></span></a> Both states reaching lower than negative thirty degrees. By January 1918 the country had thought it saw the worst the winter had to offer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Blizzards were not uncommon to the United States. The country had seen many before. The term blizzard originally meant the sound that comes from a cannon or a musket shot. According to accuweather.com, “Blizzards are dangerous winter storms that are a combination of blowing snow and wind resulting in very low visibilities. While heavy snowfalls and severe cold often accompany blizzards, they are not required. Sometimes strong winds pick up snow that has already fallen, creating a ground blizzard.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[vii]</span></span></span></a> In the U.S. the greatest blizzard recorded happened a few years earlier in 1913. On December 4<sup>th</sup>, Georgetown Colorado reached temperatures of negative 48 degrees Fahrenheit and received 63 inches of snow.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[viii]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The Blizzard didn’t exclusively hit the Midwest. States throughout the middle of the country were devastated. Cities were totally cut off from the outside. Throughout the interior of the country, nearly every line of transportation was put totally out of commission. The blizzard originated in Canada and quickly made its way through the Midwest. The storm hit Chicago Friday night January 11 and continued into the next day.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[ix]</span></span></span></a> Negative 20 degrees was very common.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The railroads which were a major part of the country’s economy were heavily affected. Throughout the past few years railroads had become the backbone of American trade. The war had encouraged the railroad industry to flourish.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[x]</span></span></span></a> Many peoples well-being depended upon the trains. Goods were moved almost primarily through the railroad system. When the blizzard hit, it totally crippled this system. The snow made it impossible for any movement on the tracks. Train stalled on tracks leaving people and goods wherever the snow stopped them. Throughout the Midwest trains were stalled and halted. Some railroad stations completely shut down temporally. One of the main things transported by railroad was fuel. Factories were forced to shut down due to the lack of coal. Workers were forced into temporary layoffs.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[xi]</span></span></span></a> Without it, cities slowly began to slip into the dark ages. This lack of fuel hastened the decline of cities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> With the railroad system totally shut down cities were disconnected from each other. This left towns to fend for themselves. The Chicago Tribune wrote “ Attempts on the part of the city street department to clear the loop district of snow were given over early in the day when 300 men and a number of teams became exhausted in the blinding storm and had to quit work.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[xii]</span></span></span></a> There were fears that cites would suffer from famine. Newspapers report their concern for all the babies of the cities. Milk shortages arose due to the restricted means of travel. Hotels were full and a “room famine”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn13" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[xiii]</span></span></span></a> was also a serious threat. Churches and theaters however were empty. A few people did indeed die due to the cold weather and harsh conditions. Chicago conditions only worsened when streetlights were blow out by the wind. It made travel at night impossible and extremely dangerous. Newspapers with heading such as “Zero Blizzard tightens Grip on Midwest” “Blizzard Ties Up Entire City; Suffering Follows Wake of Storm” and “Blizzard Buries Chicago” relayed the distress cities felt. Street cars struggled to stay in operation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Plows and hundreds of men were hired to shovel snow to keep the car lines clear.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[xiv]</span></span></span></a> Citizens came together and raised money to help buy things like boots and mittens for local workers.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[xv]</span></span></span></a> Citizens were banning together to solve the snow issues. Theaters were opened for people to sleep in. This was similar to the actions taken by New Orleans after hurricane Katrina in 2005. Refugees were housed in public places to help relief from natural disasters. In this situation, just like in the blizzard federal help was less than expected. Citizens had to take care of themselves and each other. The saving graces of many of the cities were the business owners. They helped supply men who were shoveling. They also allowed their workers to take days off to help.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> In Fort Wayne the story was similar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> People in more rural areas such as farmers had different issues with the blizzard. Originally they welcomed the snow. There had been a drought and their crops desperately needed water. The incoming snow would provide all they needed. They didn’t however anticipate the harshness of the blizzard. The winds were more intense than any of the farmers had planned. The crops throughout the country had been blown bare.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[xvi]</span></span></span></a> The prices for crops went up in the next year, unfortunately, there was nothing to harvest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The blizzard was said to be “The worst general blizzard known in the history of the government weather bureau”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[xvii]</span></span></span></a> It reached record cold temperatures and had winds at record speeds. It was a wonder there were not more casualties. After the disaster things went back to normal. The countries focus returned to the war which the United States eventually won. There have been multiple blizzards since this one and even till this day the system for response and rescue is flawed. Plows are still the number one way to clear snow. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> This disaster showed that when communities banded together they were very resilient. It let citizens know that in the wake of a disaster, people can’t always rely on their government to step in and save them. In the years to follow, America would transition into an even more prosperous place. Good and bad the country had a lot more to experience. The war ended later that year. Germany surrendered and the allies were victorious. The U.S. had helped to win the world’s first Great War, but in 1920 a whole type of war within the borders would begin. This war known as prohibition was fought over alcohol and civil rights. Women suffrage would help bring the country one step closer to being a truly equal place. The 1920’s would become a decade of cultural and economic prosperity. The country would continue to grow until a manmade disaster in 1929 known as the great depressions struck the country. This would eventually lead to World War 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[i]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 13 1918 pg1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[ii]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 13 1918 pg1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[iii]</span></span></span></a> World History Project .org -http://worldhistoryproject.org/perspectives/6eede45122d64a6146328af221345cc9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[iv]</span></span></span></a> World History Project. org -http://worldhistoryproject.org/1917/al-capone-becomes-scarface-from-knife-fight<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[v]</span></span></span></a> World History Project- http://worldhistoryproject.org/1917/houdini-performs-buried-alive-escape<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[vi]</span></span></span></a> History orb.com - http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1917?p=2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[vii]</span></span></span></a> Accuweather.com- http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/what-is-a-blizzard/5674708<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[viii]</span></span></span></a> Livescience -http://www.livescience.com/32210-what-is-a-blizzard.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[ix]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 13 1918 pg4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref10" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[x]</span></span></span></a> Lecture notes wed Jan 22 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref11" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[xi]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 13 1918 pg4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref12" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[xii]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 7 1918 pg1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref13" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[xiii]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 7 1918 pg1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref14" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[xiv]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 7 1918 pg1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref15" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[xv]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 13 1918 pg1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref16" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[xvi]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 12 1918 pg 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ednref17" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[xvii]</span></span></span></a> Chicago Daily Tribune;Jan 13 1918 pg4</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-75526972560789112672014-05-08T21:06:00.002-07:002014-05-09T14:00:08.569-07:00The Day That Shook Sullivan, Indiana, in 1925<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By. P. H.</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On February 20, 1925 a normal day began in the small town of Sullivan, Indiana until 10:30 a.m. when the small town shook with the explosion of City Coal Mine<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Sullivan was a booming town due to the boom in the coalmining industry within southern Indiana, but on this Friday morning 51 fathers, sons, and brothers perished in one of the worst mine explosions in Indiana history<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sullivan, Indiana had a population of 4,489 in the year 1920<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a><span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Like many communities in southern Indiana, Sullivan’s economy and livelihood was primarily based on the coal mining industry<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Although the City Coal Mine was a comparatively small mine it was equipped with modern machinery<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Huge dynamos generated electricity to run the conveyor on which all coal was moved to the surface as opposed to other mines, which utilized mules to bring the coal to the surface<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a><span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> On February 20<sup>th</sup>, Harry Anderson, mine superintendent, was on his way to investigate a reported gas pocket in the northeast part of the mine<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>A man named Elmer E. Davidson saw Harry Anderson just seconds before the explosion occurred<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Davidson was working along a row of empty cars when Anderson passed by with a lantern to investigate the report, only a few seconds later a rush of air passed by with the roaring sound of the explosion<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Davidson recalled that moment, “The next thing I knew was pulling something off of me.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> Elmer Davidson was one of the seventy lucky men that survived the fatal explosion at City Coal Mine<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> John M. Lowry, president of the City Coal company<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 42.66667175292969px;"> </span>was on the bottom at the time of the explosion<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Like many other men, Lowry narrowly escaped serious injury and a probable fatal day<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Only a short time before the explosion, Lowry left the area of the center of the explosion<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>When the mineshaft exploded, Lowry was blown into a rib of coal near the bottom of the shaft<span style="line-height: 42.66667175292969px;">,</span><span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span>causing him to wander through the rubble for nearly a half hour before escaping to freedom<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a><span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span> Mr. Lowry remained at the mine attempting to control the chaos on this day<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Family, friends, and rescue teams swarmed to the city of the City Coal Mine explosion<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Rescue teams were halted in their efforts to retrieve men from the inside due to dangerous gases consuming the air. Rumors circulated the town of a fire having started, but mine officials denied that a fire had been added to this horrific day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> When the sun rose the following day, so did people from all directions from news reporters to family members<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>which caused great difficulty for the rescue teams attempting to retrieve the remaining bodies that lay within the mineshaft<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>At 8 a.m. a large cave – in in the main entry of the City Coal Company’s mine occurred<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;"> </span>which hindered the recovery of the bodies trapped within the mineshaft<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a><span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Around noon, the rescue workers brought the mine superintendent<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>Harry Anderson’s, body to the surface. He was the seventeenth body to be recovered from the shaft<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>The Linton Daily Citizen described Harry Anderson’s condition and his face being nearly mashed to jelly<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>indicating that the full force of the blast impacted him<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Despite the horrific situation and confusion, the site at the mine was not one of chaos<span style="line-height: 42.66667175292969px;">, </span>but one of perfect organization<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Surrounding towns sent first aid teams<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>which were cooperating with federal rescue squads and the Sullivan Red Cross<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Later that day, Governor Jackson sent a telegram to A.C. Daily<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">,</span> state mine inspector<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>to extend his sympathy and offer the full extent of the state’s resources for relieving suffering<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span> National Guard units would then be dispatched from Terre Haute to aid in the relief<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a><span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span> Henry Baker, director of disaster relief of the American Red Cross, also arrived in Sullivan to take charge of the mine disaster relief work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Early Sunday, the last of the fifty-one bodies were recovered from the mine<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Meanwhile, the state mine inspector, A.C. Daily<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>began an investigation to determine the cause of the explosion. Sullivan County Prosecutor<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>Norval K. Harris, also pursued an investigation into the mine explosion to determine if any individual was criminally responsible for the tragedy<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>but discovered no evidence of negligence in the observance of safety rules<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a><span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Due to the Sullivan tragedy, stricter safety regulations for Indiana Miners were put into place<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>Senator George Sims of Terre Haute<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>introduced a bill that would bring stricter regulations to the mining industry<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>The Sims bill provided that all mines would have a second outlet for emergency<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>along with other provisions to support miners’ safety<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">. </span>The Sullivan City Coal Mine had a lasting impact<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">, </span>which would provide for safer working conditions to prevent from other mining disasters in Indiana<span style="line-height: 37.33333206176758px;">.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> https://www.stats.indiana.edu/population/PopTotals/historic_counts_cities.asp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> Logansport Pharos - Tribune<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> Logansport Pharos – Tribune, 21 February 1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> Linton Daily Citizen, 24 February 1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> Linton Daily Citizen, 21 February 1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a> Linton daily Citizen, 21February 1925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a> Last of Fifty-One Bodies Taken From Mine Early Sunday, <i>Linton Daily Citizen,</i> 23 February 1925</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-40293829424999273492014-05-08T21:05:00.002-07:002014-05-09T07:34:28.085-07:00The Influence of a 1912 Train Wreck in Indianapolis, Indiana<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<o:p><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> By J. Y.</span></i></b></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On November 13, 1912, fifteen people died in a train wreck at Irvington, a suburb near Indianapolis, Indiana.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> The train wreck was caused by a lack of block signal system, according to the investigation from Indiana railway commission.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> This accident was disastrous. Nevertheless, the brakeman of the train admitted that the accident was caused by his failure of closing the switch to a siding.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> However, it is also reported that the train was running forty miles an hour in order to catch up and arrive its destination on time.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> Whether the accident was caused by the lack of block system, or the failure of closing the switch, or exceeding speed, the cause was still unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the social structure, background of Indianapolis, different perceptions and solutions of this disaster, as well as the influence of this train wreck. Later, we will have a better perception of the cause of this disaster, as well as how this disaster impact Indianapolis socially, politically and economically.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> As early as in 1857, Indianapolis was the “place where the ways meet”, and was a center of transit by railroads than any other inland town in the world.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> Then, railroads continued to expand and provided access of raw materials and markets; as railroads spread in the city in all directions, companies opened more sites outside of central business district in the city, residential area also expanded as the railroads developed rapidly.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></a></span> Indianapolis experienced more significant changes after turning in twentieth century. The population of the urban area increased speedily as railroads brought more population from rural areas to urban areas.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a> For instance, the population of Indianapolis rose from 169,164 in 1900 to 233, 650 in 1910.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a> On top of population boom, Education and social facilities also developed rapidly; elementary education as well as college/university education was more advanced than earlier times; facilities such as libraries, theatres, and musical organizations began to gain more popularity in this city.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a> Nevertheless, there were still noticeable differences between rural life and urban ones. Within urban area, one had access to electricity, running water, telephones, cultural programs, libraries, and better secondary education, compared with those in rural areas.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> Fortunately, transportations (railroads, cars, buses) increase contacts between urban and rural residents; as time passed, more rural residents moved to urban area by the convenient transportation of railroads and cars, in order to pursue better living environment in the urban area.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The early years in twentieth century witnessed more enterprises being established in urban area, compared with those in late nineteenth century; for example, Indianapolis Star published its first newspaper on June 6, 1903.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a> The speedway success in 1911 brought businesses to the city of Indianapolis, and it gained a new name as “city of speedway”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a> One year later, the city’s first skyscraper, seventeen-story Merchants Bank Building went up, and it remained as Indianapolis’ tallest building until 1962, when City-County Building broke its record.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span></a> It was such a good time to invest in business that the labor was cheap and plentiful, and invested capital was doubled and trebled.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span></span></a> Railroads facilitated transportation and contacts between urban and rural residents, education and social facilities advanced significantly, the city of Indianapolis was prosperous and busy in the early years of twentieth century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The city was in an excitement of constructing, developing and accelerating in 1912, until a train wreck happened in the morning of November 13, fifteen people died and seventeen people were seriously injured in this accident, very soon it aroused neighborhood’s attention in Irvington, a suburb of Indianapolis; many homes were thrown open to the wounded.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span></span></a> Physicians and the firemen in Irvington were hurriedly summoned and ambulances were taking away the dead and injured.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[17]</span></span></a> According to the Indiana railway commission, the accident was caused by the train company’s (Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton railway) failure to install a block system, if the company obeyed the order of installing, the accident would not happen; however, the brakeman of the train admitted that it was his fault to close the switch to a siding, although he denied this later.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span></span></a> Besides, it was also reported that the train was running an hour late, and the engineer was trying to catch up and running forty miles an hour; then the train crashed into freight on siding.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[19]</span></span></a> From this, it implies that the block system is the major cause of this disaster, while the failure of closing switch and the exceeding speed deepened seriousness to this disaster.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Different perceptions of the disaster lead to different solutions. The Indiana railway commission insisted that if the block signal system were installed, the train wreck would not occur; and the order of installing was issued some months ago, by Indiana railway commission, and the block system was to have been completed by Jan.1, 1913; however, Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton railway refused to install the block system.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[20]</span></span></a> The head brakeman, on the other hand, admitted it was his fault for not closing the switch to a siding, when a freight train was letting the exceeding-speed passenger train pass; however, he later denied he was responsible for the wreck, claimed that he was under the influence of an anesthetic when he made the admission.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[21]</span></span></a> The third cause of this disaster, which was the exceeding speed of train, made it impossible for the passenger train to avoid the collision with the freight train.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[22]</span></span></a> Three different perceptions of the causes of the disaster had three different solutions. The two later causes can be prevented by carefulness, but the first cause – the block signal system, required more effort.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> As early as 1905, seven years before this train wreck, representatives in Congress expressed their support for installing block system on every mile of railroad track in the United States.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[23]</span></span></a> For example, one of the representatives Charles E. Townsend claimed, “In England, where the Block System had been used, accidents have been reduced to the minimum. Some of the best equipped railroads in the United States are now using this system and with the most satisfactory results”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[24]</span></span></a> Another representative E.D. Crumpacker also believed “the block system is practicable and that it will be a great safeguard to human life”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[25]</span></span></a> Furthermore, the magazine at that time observed, “every morning paper brings fresh news of deaths and permanent injuries inflicted on travelers. No change in the proportion of people killed and injured can be expected unless by legislation rigidly enforced. All railroads will not adopt the Block System unless they are compelled by law to do so and later compelled to observe the law.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[26]</span></span></a> This demonstrates that the block system was not a small issue in Indianapolis; instead it was a crucial and urgent issue concerned by people within the entire country. It can also be seen that the Indiana railway commission was not requiring the train company to obey an insignificant order; instead, the block signal system was a safeguard to travelers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> However, the conflicts were not limited to the block system, later in 1913, railroads employees held a strike in downtown of Indianapolis on July 5, the strikers asked for increase of wages and recognition of the national union; it was reported that the strike began at four in the morning and it affected more than five hundred men.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[27]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One decade later, Indianapolis experienced dramatic changes after the train wreck in 1912. The population of Indianapolis increased from 233,650 to 314,194 in 1920; the percentage of increase is more than that between 1900 and 1910.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[28]</span></span></a> However, transportation through railroads decreased after about 1920, since there were more choices for transportation, such as automobiles, buses, trucks, and airplanes.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[29]</span></span></a> And because of the diverse choices of transportation, migration from rural area to urban area became easier and more convenient, this is one possible explanation of the reason why the percentage of increase of this decade was significant larger than the previous decade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Besides, there were two Indiana men played essential roles in 1910s and they were symbols of the conflict between new social and economic philosophies.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[30]</span></span></a> David M. Parry was president of the Parry Automobile Company, he was also involved with insurance companies and railroads; he was president of several boards, and he represented the new capitalism, and most of all, he claimed that the country could not run on an eight-hour day and he was anti-labor.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[31]</span></span></a> On the other hand, Eugene V. Debs used to work in the railway yards for 50 cent a day; later he became a fireman, then he went back to railroading and founded the American Railway Union; later he formed the Social-Democratic party with Victor Berger.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[32]</span></span></a> These two men played essential roles not only in political environment, but also had significant social and economic influences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Within the Progressive era (1901-1917),<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[33]</span></span></a> Indiana railroad commission was established in 1905, the State Board of Accounts was organized in 1909, and a direct primary law was enacted in 1915, but the full impact of the Progressive era is not to be found in particular legislation – it represented an increased recognition that economic and social life had become interdependent than previously.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[34]</span></span></a> This connection between economic and social life demonstrated the new social and economic philosophies in the Progressive era.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Although it seemed that the train accident did not influence Indianapolis significantly, the society changed dramatically after the time point of the wreck, compared with the society before the wreck. This accident implied that railroad was a major transportation at that time. It not only connected people in rural area with people in urban area, but also provided connections between merchants and merchants. It can be said that railroads were indispensable parts of people’s life and the society, by connecting people and businesses together; it witnessed foundations and development of many enterprises and public facilities in Indianapolis. Later, traveling by train decreased while other transportations entered and gained popularity, this demonstrated that people found out more secure and convenient ways to travel and commute, thus, the economy and society were developing rapidly and economic and social life were more interdependent than before.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Politically, the train wreck happened within the Progressive era. The two influential men in Indiana demonstrated the conflicts between new social and economic philosophies. It can be seen that social and economic life are inseparable with political ones. Besides, the representatives of Congress showed how politics could play an essential role in social and economic life. For instance, the block signal system was supported by lots of the representatives, if the block system is installed, the deaths and injuries would decrease remarkably, and the economic losses would also reduce significantly. This exhibits how political decisions and laws would affect social and economic components in a society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In conclusion, the train wreck in 1912 in Indianapolis carries lots of importance not merely because of the deaths and injuries, but also it reflected what roles did railroads play in a society, the significance and influence of these roles on economy, society, and politics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Barrows, Robert G. <i>A Demographic Analysis of Indianapolis 1870-1920.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University, 1977.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>. “No BLOCK SYSTEM: 15 DIE AS RESULT.” November 14, 1912<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Chicago Daily Tribune. “Strike in Indianapolis.” July 6, 1926.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Edward A. Leary, <i>Indianapolis The Story of a City</i>. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc, 1971.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>Los Angeles Times</i>. “FIFTEEN DEAD IN COLLISION.” November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>New York Times</i>. “FIFTEEN KILLED IN WRECK.’’ November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Sedgwick, Ellery. “HOW CONGRESS STANDS ON THE BLOCK SYSTEM,” <i>Leslie’s Monthly Magazine</i>, July, 1905, 345.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><i>The Washington Post</i>. “15 DIE IN TRAIN WRECK.” November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 32px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Wilson, William E. <i>Handbook of Indiana History</i>. Indianapolis: Department of Public Instruction, 1961.</span></div>
<div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> “15 DIE IN TRAIN WRECK,” <i>The Washington Post</i>, November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> “No BLOCK SYSTEM: 15 DIE AS RESULT,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, November 14, 1912<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> Robert G. Barrows, <i>A Demographic Analysis of Indianapolis 1870-1920</i> (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1977), p. 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a> Ibid., 19.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a> William E. Wilson, <i>Handbook of Indiana History</i> (Indianapolis: Department of Public Instruction, 1961), p. 59.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a> Edward A. Leary, <i>Indianapolis The Story of a City</i> (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc, 1971), p. 235.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a> Wilson, Handbook, 60.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> Ibid., 63.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a> Leary, The Story of a City, 181.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a> Ibid., 180.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span></span></a> “FIFTEEN DEAD IN COLLISION,” <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[17]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span></span></a> “15 DIE IN TRAIN WRECK,” <i>The Washington Post</i>, November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[19]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[20]</span></span></a> “FIFTEEN KILLED IN WRECK,’’ <i>New York Times</i>, November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[21]</span></span></a> “15 DIE IN TRAIN WRECK,” <i>The Washington Post</i>, November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[22]</span></span></a> “FIFTEEN KILLED IN WRECK,’’ <i>New York Times</i>, November 14, 1912.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[23]</span></span></a> Ellery Sedgwick, “HOW CONGRESS STANDS ON THE BLOCK SYSTEM,” <i>Leslie’s Monthly Magazine</i>, July, 1905, 345<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[24]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[25]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[26]</span></span></a> Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[27]</span></span></a> “Strike in Indianapolis,” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 6, 1926.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[28]</span></span></a> Leary, The Story of a City, 235.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[29]</span></span></a> Wilson, Handbook, 59.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[30]</span></span></a> Leary, The Story of a City, 185.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[31]</span></span></a> Ibid., 186<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[32]</span></span></a> Ibid., 186<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[33]</span></span></a> Wilson, Handbook, 56.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[34]</span></span></a> Wilson, Handbook, 57.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-64825766951089638542014-05-08T21:04:00.002-07:002014-05-09T07:25:59.705-07:00Who Passed the Gas? The 1895 Anderson, Indiana, Natural Gas Explosion<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By A. W.</span></i></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In Indiana there is a small city just northeast of Indianapolis with big history. This city is Anderson, Indiana. Anderson was incorporated in 1838 and as a city in 1865. On March 5, 1895 at around 3:20 a.m. the city of Anderson had an unfortunate natural gas explosion. The explosion caused a lot of damage and for many it was remembered for the rest of their lives. The gas explosion in 1895 was an event to remember in Anderson city history, but the history of Anderson does not start there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> To know the story of how Anderson, Indiana came about and got its name, we have to dig deeper into history and learn about a man named William Anderson. William Anderson was the child to a mother whom was a Delaware Indian and father was a man with Swedish decent. His father made the decision to give him an English name. His date of birth was not recorded, but historians are to believe it was around mid-1750 in Pennsylvania.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Anderson was said to be an honest man who was loved and respected by the Delaware people. By 1790 William Anderson became chief of the Turkey clan in the Delaware Tribe. (There were three clans in the Delaware tribe; the other two were the Turtle and Wolf clans.)After several moves Anderson and his clan arrived in the Ohio territory around this same time. The Delaware Indians and other tribes were at war with the United States over the Ohio territory land. The United States wanted to start moving westward into the Ohio territory, and settle people in that area. Although, various tribes of Indians (including the Delaware Indians) already inhabited it. The war was called the Northwest Indian War. In 1794 the Battle of Fallen Timbers was the final battle that took place in the war, resulting in the United States winning. The general who led the United States troops into the Battle of Fallen Timbers was a man by the name of “Mad Anthony” Wayne. After the war Wayne had a territory named after him which later became a city (Fort Wayne, Indiana). In 1795 peace was finally negotiated between the two sides by the signing of the Treaty of Greenville. William Anderson was one of the Indian chiefs who was present and signed the treaty. The Treaty of Greenville gave the United States the majority of Ohio, present day downtown Chicago, the Fort Detroit area, Maumee, and the Lower Sandusky Ohio area. This caused Anderson and his clan to head westward into Indiana where there was no trouble or bloodshed, at least not yet.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[2]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> In 1798, Chief William Anderson and his Delaware tribe arrived in present day Anderson, Indiana. While in Anderson, Chief Anderson lived in a two level, double-sided log house with his family. In 1806, Chief Anderson was promoted to Chief of the entire Delaware Tribe during a large assembly of Delaware Indians. This occurred in Anderson upon the death of the former tribal chief, <span style="color: #271915;">Tetepachsit. According to his descendant it is a position that Anderson did not want to accept, but he handled it with dignity and was a very effective leader. For the next five years Chief Anderson and his tribe lived his peace on the Anderson territory until 1811. At this time Anderson was visited by a Shawnee Tribe’s Indian named Tecumseh. Tecumseh was raising a confederation of Indians to stand together to fight the Americans and take back the land that was taken from them years ago in Indiana and Ohio. Chief Anderson refused to support Tecumseh’s cause and did not get involved or aide Tecumseh’s confederation. Tecumseh pressed on and fought against the Americans in The Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh’s confederation fell to the Americans who were led by the Governor of the Indiana territory William Henry Harrison, who would go on and eventually become the ninth President of the United States. After the battle in November of 1811, Tecumseh’s cause had fallen apart in present day Lafayette, Indiana.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> After the Battle of Tippecanoe, William Henry Harrison requested that all of the peaceful Delaware Indians relocate to Piqua, Ohio. Chief William Anderson and the Delaware Indians listened to his request and did just that. In 1813, the United States Army burned Anderson’s village in Ohio and he moved the tribe back to the present day Anderson territory. During this Time James Monroe was making policies and trying to expand settlements. In 1818, a treaty was signed where the Delaware Indians gave up their Indiana territory and they had three years to prepare for their removal from the territory.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #271915; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> So three years later in 1821, Chief Anderson (who was about 66 years old) and over 1,300 Delaware Indians left the banks of the White River to head west and never returned to Indiana territory. In the later part of 1831 Chief William Anderson died in Bonner Springs, Kansas at about 76 years old. His cause of death is said to believe to be small pox. President William Henry Harrison was quoted saying, "A long and intimate knowledge of the Delaware in peace and war, as enemies and friends, has left upon my mind them the most favorable impression of their character, for bravery, generosity and fidelity to their engagements." Chief William Anderson’s legacy now lives on through the City in which bears his name.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> One year before Anderson was incorporated as a town the Indiana Mammoth Internal Act was passed. It was a law passed by the Indiana General Assembly and added $10 million dollars to help with developing infrastructure in Indiana. This increased population and the Central Canal was planned to be created and the plan was to run it through Anderson. Unfortunately the canal was suspended due to the Panic of 1837, which was a financial crisis throughout the United States and started a recession lasting into the 1840’s.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #271915; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> These crises lead to many people leaving the town of Anderson, and not returning until 1849. The town had to wait another 16 years before they were finally established as a city in 1865 with a population of about 1,300 people. Things started to be looking up for the city of Anderson and it was growing with many businesses moving into the area. There were at least twenty new businesses being established over the years. The way of life in Anderson up to this point was a struggle with not many job opportunities, and now people seemed to have reasons for making the move to this new growing city.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> On March 31, 1887 natural gas was found in Anderson. During this time the Indiana Gas Boom had begun. This attracted many people to Indiana and Anderson got a lot of publicity in the newspapers. The finding of natural gas in the city lead to many other new businesses moving into the city that were not able to be there before the gas was found; such as glass making businesses.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #271915; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Anderson was growing quite rapidly and other places outside of the area started taking notice. Anderson started being referred to as the “Queen City of the Gas Belt”. The only problem that they had was one they didn’t even know existed. That is the dangers of natural gas, which brings us back to that early morning on March 5, 1895.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> On the morning of March 5, 1895 the city of Anderson was shook and rattled in the early mornings and civilians said it felt like an earthquake. Damage was forced onto buildings, doors, and windows for miles around. The street was absolute chaos, parts of it torn up from an explosion and it was filled with debris from the blown up buildings. Bricks were blown all over the place, planks of wood obliterated all over downtown, and shattered glass covered the city. Huge pieces of stone from buildings were blasted across the streets and some of them onto the newly built courthouse property. Telephone and light wires were tangled up in the streets due to the destruction caused by the explosion. “The Telephone Service Crippled” was a storyline in the <i>Westville Indicator. </i>The section stated that the telephone service company was completely destroyed due to all of the wiring problems and that it would take a long time for them to make all of the necessary repairs to get it back up and running.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #271915; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[6]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The cause of the massive explosion of March 5, 1895 was never completely determined. It was never determined because of the extensive damage and destruction due to the blast of the explosion, as well as the fire that followed. According to a neighboring woman, a fire had started in the middle of the night. (Also back then not very many precautions were taken involving natural gas leaks.) So, what is believed to have happened is a gas leak had occurred through a defective pipe in the Tenhure building block and had built up a sufficient amount of natural gas. When the fire started it mixed with the natural gas and caused the major explosion to occur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The explosion occurred in downtown Anderson in the central part of the city. The Terhune Business block was located on the courthouse square. The Terhune Business block that was blown up had multiple businesses located inside of it that were completely demolished. The Terhune Block was owned by a man named John H. Terhune. Mr. Terhune was a prominent legislator from the city. Mr. Terhune was also mayor of the city on two separate occasions, (1890-1893) and also (1906-1909). On March 5, 1895 Mr. Terhune was out of town when the explosion occurred. When Clothing store, Parather’s Shoe store, Hadley’s Drug store, and a large number of business offices on the upper floor were all a part of the Terhune block and were all destroyed in the carnage. It was believed that two lives had been lost in the catastrophe, but several days later it was revealed that no one was fatally injured but many suffered severe injuries.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #271915; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> The loss on the building and contents in total was about $400,000. According to multiple sources, there is not a building around that would not need repairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The initial explosion was severe, and what made it even worse was a wall of fire and smoke raised following it. A man named George Sherwood was visiting town from Jackson, Michigan and was staying in the city on this particular night. He was a guest at the Doxey house, which was only a block south of where the explosion occurred. Sherwood said he was awakened by the blast and went to the window to see what was going on. He opened up the window and what he saw was a cloud of smoke that he said had seemed to be a mountain high. The whole back half of the building had been obliterated and the last standing wall of the Terhune block came crashing down about ten minutes after the explosion. Around town many other people were awaken from their sleep with the same types of experiences. Many people who lived in the city have experienced explosions due to gas leaks, but everyone was saying that this was the worst one that they had ever seen or heard. Hundreds of people walked in disbelief to witness this horrible catastrophe. The anxiety spread throughout town about this explosion and people were questioning when and where this would occur again. People around the city were very concerned because almost every business and building in the city were using and relying on natural gas to keep them running. The natural gas around the city was located everywhere; people could drill into the ground all around and find natural gas. It seemed as if the city had an unending supply of natural gas to fuel the city. This high of dependence on a product that many now saw as a huge potential liability caused much panic and anxiety throughout the city.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> A patrolman was walking the street that night on the south side of the public square when the explosion occurred and lifted him off of his feet. The patrol man then ran to the nearest fire alarm box to alert the fire department on what was happening. The call registered into the fire department at approximately 3:22 a.m. The entire fire department was called out. The firemen responded quickly to the alarm and got to the scene as quickly as they could. The heavy winds were carrying burning embers from the fire across town and started burning more buildings and began spreading around the area. The fire department was dealt with an enormously tough task of putting this growing fire out. At 10:30 the next morning the entire fire was finely put out. It took the fire department about seven hours to contain and put out this devastating incident. The fire department received a lot of credit for their quick response and for doing a good job of minimizing the damage once they arrived at the scene. The department managed to save the newly built courthouse from being engulfed in flames and destroyed, but the damage had already been done the majority of the downtown central square.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #271915; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[8]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> During the aftermath and over the next couple of days many spiritualists were telling the public that this was no random accident but instead could have been prevented or had limited damage if the town had taken precaution to a spirit reading the city had received a week earlier. A week before the explosion a spiritualist by the name of Mrs. Wilson Porter Kayner was in town from Chicago. While she was in town she gave a spirit reading. Her spirit reading said that within a short period of time the business center of the city would be visited by a big fire. It was said that the big fire would have heavy flames and there would be shoes flying about in the fire. Around this time in history spirituality and spirit readings had an impact on many people across the United States and there were groups of people who believed strongly in this sort of thing.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #271915; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[9]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The March 5, 1895 explosion went down as the most destructive natural gas explosion in the Indiana Gas Belt at this time. Up until this point not many explosions occurred to this extent and caused as much damage as the Tenhure Block natural gas explosion. The city was shaken and many people were worried about their city. Fortunately Anderson got back on track and John H. Terhune guaranteed that he would put up a new building block and it would be even better than the one that was destroyed. A huge accomplishment for the city was just two years removed from the 1895 natural gas explosion. The city of Anderson had the Interurban Railroad made. The interurban railroad was an electric railroad system that transported people from city to city. It made it very quick and easy for people in Anderson to now travel around.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #271915; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> Although in 1912 disaster hit the town. The natural gas had run out due to everyone overusing the gas resources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="color: #271915; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> For as long as the natural gas existed in Anderson and the Indiana Gas Boom, before it dried up, the night of March 5, 1895 is still remembered as the night that the biggest natural gas explosion occurred in the region. It changed the way that people thought and acted around natural gas and lead to more precaution being taken when dealing with it. For many that gas explosion was an event that would be remembered throughout the years in history, and it has.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> <i>Cambridge City National Road Traveler,</i> February 9, 1967.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> <i>Terre Haute Saturday Spectator,</i> August 5, 1967.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> <i>Delphi Carroll County Comet,</i> December 1, 1982.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> <i>Fort Wayne Sentinel</i>, June 23, 1900.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> Anderson Public Library, <i>Madison County Historical Society</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> <i>Logansport Daily Pharos</i>, March 6, 1895.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> <i>Indianapolis Sun</i>, March 5, 1895.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> “A Night to Remember,” The Herald Bulletin. Stephen Jackson. (March 2,2013)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> <i>Indianapolis Sun</i>, March 5, 1895.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> <i>New Castle Daily Press</i>, June 28, 1899.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-5417659603860899082014-05-08T21:03:00.002-07:002014-05-09T13:24:44.722-07:00The 1896 East St. Louis Tornadoes and How They Changed the United States<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>By E. L. Ewen</i></b> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The batch of storms and tornadoes that ripped and ravaged through the Midwest and specifically, St. Louis, Missouri, in May of 1896, changed not only the landscape of the area, but the communities and overall growth within those communities as well. Deaths, injuries, and poverty of people of all ages in the area affected how St. Louis and other Midwestern towns grew up out of the rubble well after the storms came through. In retrospect, these storms were categorized as The 1896 St. Louis – East St. Louis Tornadoes and from first-hand documents of that time, we will discover and analyze the way the storm was warned about prior to the occurrence, what happened during the storm, and how the area of St. Louis changed after the storm blew through. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It would be difficult to discuss the United States during the late 1890’s without making it clear that during this time, much reform and change was happening in the country. This period, also known as The Progressive Era, was characterized by advancement and ‘progression’ into the future. According to a January 1890 issue of the <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, “exceedingly irregular weather, (as well as a few other factors such as panic within the railway system) had a direct and important bearing on the volume of trade in its different departments, on the prices paid for property, and the profits realized by merchants and manufacturers,”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> this shows just how influential disasters were at the time. While this was a time of progression, the idea of moving forward and reforming was still a very new idea nationwide. Not all aspects of life were as “with the times,” so to speak. People were very much concerned with change and the hope of tomorrow and seemed oblivious to the notion of a disaster, natural or man-made; people thought they were immune to something like this, especially in larger cities across the Midwest and especially in St. Louis. With the growth of heavy industry and transportation, St. Louis, Missouri became the fourth largest city in the United States by the latter part of the 1890’s. Industry such as cotton compressing, brewing, flour milling, tobacco processing, slaughtering, and machining, dominated the economy at the time. Other industry included the making of city parks, bricks, and paint. With the completed construction of Union Station, and Eads Bridge in 1894 and 1874, respectively, the city of St. Louis continued to grow. St. Louis had already been connected to the west, but now it had a connection to the east, across the Mississippi River.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The magnitude of destruction of the tornadoes on May 27 and 28, 1896 were something that no one had experienced at that time in terms of numbers of fatalities and the distance the storm surge traveled. Not to mention the rarity of a storm of this magnitude in a major metropolitan area at the time. Considered to be the deadliest tornado outbreak sequence in American history, and the third largest batch of tornadoes of all time, these storms touched down from Texas to Pennsylvania and produced at least over seven, F4 and F5 tornadoes that killed anywhere from 250 to the upwards of 400 hundred people, based on different reports, and injured more than 1,200 in St. Louis alone.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Prior to the 1890’s, there was little advancement in terms of forecasting weather for informational purposes to the public. From 1840 to the beginning of the twentieth century, volunteers were the ones that were observing and recording data from different areas across the country and submitting their findings to the Smithsonian Institute, “By 1860, 500 stations were furnishing daily telegraphic weather reports to the <i>Washington Evening Star</i>, and as the network grew, other existing systems were gradually absorbed, including several state weather services,”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: none; color: black;">[3]</span></span></span></a> information was being gathered, but not on a level of any sort of prior education. Along with that, because there were so many different people collecting information that really had nothing to base their findings on except prior knowledge or experience, much of the information was untimely and at times, inaccurate. For example, according to one article, the Weather Bureau (what would later be called The National Weather Service) announced on the morning of the 28<sup>th</sup> that they had warned St. Louis of impending tornadoes at 10 o’clock the morning before, “As soon as the morning map was made up it was discovered that tornado or cyclonic conditions were forming in the very heart of the region,”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: none; color: black;">[4]</span></span></span></a> the article goes on to tell the reader of some indications of tornadoes and cyclones, how they are formed and how they generally seem to react, although at this time, because they were just beginning to be studied, it was hard to make accurate generalizations. As the bulk of the damage was done in St. Louis between May 27<sup>th</sup> and May 28<sup>th</sup>, The Missouri Yearbook of Agriculture recreates for us, the magnitude of destruction in terms of dollars and percentages, “More than 90 percent of the property loss of the past eight years occurred on these 23 days. More than half of it (property loss) – over 12 million of dollars – is chargeable to a half hour’s destruction in St. Louis, Mo. and East St. Louis, Ill. On May, 27<sup>th</sup> last.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: none; color: black;">[5]</span></span></span></a> This continues to show how massive these cyclones were and why, ultimately, they were considered the main cause of the disaster of this time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">According to an October, 1927 issue of <i>The New York Times</i>, after further research had been done in retrospect to the storm, the path the tornado from 1896, “destroyed or wrecked 8,500 buildings and the loss was more than $10,000,000.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: none; color: black;">[6]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Although a booming city at the time of the tornado, St. Louis came together in a time of need after the storm came through, “The work of relief and restoration goes on today in the midst of rain. Contributions of money, clothing, provisions, and other necessities are coming in liberally, and all destitute are being cared for. The losses caused indirectly by the tornado are just beginning to reveal themselves, and will be nearly as cruel as the immediate effects. Because the tornado ruined many mills and factories a large number of men will be out of employment for weeks and months. How many men have been deprived of an opportunity to earn a livelihood cannot be stated with accuracy, but it certainly runs into hundreds in excess of the number employed to repair the damage.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: none; color: black;">[7]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">According to the same article run by <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>, similar situations were occurring in Seneca, Missouri, which was in the direct path of the storm as well but on the opposite side of the state as St. Louis, “Every day reveals great distress among the people here as the result of the cloudburst, and immediate aid is imperative. At first all were engaged in recovering lost bodies, but attention is now being given to clearing away the wreckage and establishing homes. This task becomes formidable, and is retarded by the entire demolition of many houses. Scores of residents have lost all their efforts,”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: none; color: black;">[8]</span></span></span></a> this shows the extent to which people were in desperation, but also that this was a time for people to come together because that was really all that they had at that time, was each other. St. Louis’ “sister city” showed its support of the damaged metropolis and offered to aid the relief efforts after the storm, as well, “I think the people of Chicago would respond readily to any call for assistance that might be asked or required,”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: none; color: black;">[9]</span></span></span></a> this was Mayor of Chicago, George Bell Swift’s response to the people of Chicago’s call of action to aid the sister city. Even in these trying times there was a patriotic bond between towns and cities across the nation, willing to help those in need.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">On a physical level, the city of St. Louis, because of its size, outside support, and political influence, grew back to almost normal size shortly after the culmination of the storms, although once prominent areas were not settled as commonly as they were before the tornadoes. In June of 1896, not even one month after the tornadoes touched down in the city, the Republican National Convention was held in St. Louis, which brought new life back into the city. With it being an election year, this was a huge opportunity for cleanup processes to begin in order to make the city look somewhat presentable after the tornadoes ripped through the heart of the city. Surprisingly, the damage to the city was not the talk of the town, nor were the politics, the main issue at the time was where to house the Negro men who were politicians as well, as Judge Long, National Committeeman from Florida said in an article published by the <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, “The committeeman of each State is responsible is responsible for the accommodations of his delegation. It is his duty to secure quarters for all the delegates and alternates. Everybody knows that at a Republican convention fully one half of the delegates are colored men,”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> Judge Long was clearly not going to waste and of his time or energy worrying about the comfort of the colored delegates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Not only did the convention play a part in the rebooting of St. Louis, in 1904, just eight years after the tornadoes, the city was back in swing as it hosted both the 1904 World’s Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics. In today’s day in age, eight years seems like a lengthy time to reconstruct a major metropolis like St. Louis, but even though the city was still heavily populated, and funds weren’t a huge issue on account of out-of-state aid, all of the industry needed to remake the city was destroyed in the tornadoes. Nonetheless, 1904 proved to be an exceptionally good year for St. Louis, all things considered. Unfortunately, the hype of the Olympics and World’s Fair cost the city afterwards, “owing to the abnormal level that was reached by the earnings of the United Railroads of St. Louis during the World’s Fair period of 1904, those for the year 1905, by comparison, show up unfavorably,” this was just a minor set back at the time in the success of the city since then, as today, it is still a large city in the United States though maybe not quite as influential as it was prior to the St. Louis – East St. Louis tornadoes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Many factors played into the preface of The 1896 St. Louis – East St. Louis Tornado, which was why it was such a landmark event in American history. While these storms ravaged all across the continental United States, the media did not publicize the awesome destruction they created like they did in St. Louis. This was mainly because, at the time, St. Louis was such a pivotal hub in American industry, economy, politics, and agriculture. These tornadoes brought out imperfections in society at the time and because of that, shaped the city, state, and country for years to come.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> “The Commerce of 1890: Trade and Manufactures of Chicago in the Last Year.”<i> Chicago Daily Tribune</i> 17 (1891).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> The Tornado Project. “Tornadoes in the Past.” Last modified 1999.<u> http://www.tornadoproject.com/past/pastts95.htm</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="FreeForm">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="border: none; color: black;">[3]</span></span></span></a> NOAA. “Public Affairs Office.” Last modified April 13, 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="FreeForm">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/pa/history/timeline.php">http://www.nws.noaa.gov/pa/history/timeline.php</a>. NOAA’s National Weather Service. “Evolution of the National Weather Service.” Accessed February 17, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> “Tells of the Tornado: Weather Bureau Predicts Its Coming Hours Beforehand,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune </i>18 (May 29, 1896).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> “The Missouri Yearbook of Agriculture: Annual Report, Volume 29,” <i>Missouri State Board of Agriculture</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a> “The St. Louis Tornado,” <i>The New York Times</i> 18 (October 1, 1927). Accessed February 25, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a> “Rain on the Ruins: St. Louis Cyclone Relief work underway,” <i>Los Angeles Times</i> 15 (June 3, 1896). Accessed February 25, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a> “To Help A Sister City: Chicago Will Assist in St. Louis In Its Distress,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i> 1 (May 28, 1896). Accessed February 26, 2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> “Rush to St. Louis: Politicians Begin to Gather for the Convention,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i> 1 (June 10, 1896). Accessed March 1, 2014.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-71597199917248685452014-05-08T21:02:00.002-07:002014-05-09T13:25:02.724-07:00Evansville: The Raging Flood of 1937<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By E. T.</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">With disaster comes destruction, and whether that disaster is manmade or natural, it is going to take hard work, from the government and citizens, to repair the damage done. After numerous disastrous floods, including the great Ohio River flood of 1937, U.S. Congress passed the flood control act of 1936. This act allows projects such as dams, levees and other flood control measures to be completed throughout the country when needed.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The flood of 1937 affected four states along the Ohio River: Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. On January 5, the weather took an odd turn and water levels began to rise. A short week later, flood warnings were being issued throughout the region. On January 18, the river overflowed its banks and the real flooding began; homes closest to the river started flooding, mostly the basements of the homes. Radio stations went to non-stop coverage of the flood, broadcasting commercial free for weeks; these broadcast were mostly messages being sent to rescue crews. Finally, on February 5<sup>th</sup>, the water levels fell below the flood stage for the first time; nearly a month after the disaster began. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Evansville was hit the hardest in the state of Indiana. The town had been having unusually warm weather for the time of year and on the night of January 9, the wind shifted, bringing the temperature down some twenty degrees. The following day brought large amounts of snow and ice to southern Indiana and within the next week flood warnings were being posted. January 18 is when weather experts began to fear that conditions similar to the flood of 1913 would surface, or that they would be even worse.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> Martial Law was declared in the county of Vanderburgh, where Evansville is located, on January 24<sup> </sup>and on that same day the water level reached its peak, a whopping fifty-four feet, well above records of the 1913 flood.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As the water levels began to recede, the destruction it left behind began to resurface. A heavy layer of silt laid over everything that was under water, sewers were disturbed and the levees were broken. Vanderburgh County’s Works Progress Administration (WPA) workers, all four thousand of them, were sent to help victims of the flood on February 5. John K. Jennings was the WPA’s administrator at the time. He stated that any flood relief workers would have at least 60 days of work ahead of them to rehabilitate the damage done to the city. The flood affected a great deal of the landscape, but the social aspects of life in Evansville were not affected by this damage. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction on a levee in 1939 that protects the city from water levels up to fifty-seven feet. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Evansville has a long, colorful history leading up to the flood of 1937. Hugh McGary, Jr., founded Evansville, Indiana in 1812. However, the town did not really “take off” until the mid-1830s. This was due to the speculation of a canal being built to connect the city to the banks of the Ohio River. By 1840, there were 2,000 plus residents in the new town. The canal ended up being a financial threat to the state, delaying the projects completion until 1853; the same year the Evansville Railroad had opened. The town gained status in 1856 as its port business began to boom. Along with its new port business, Evansville served as home to fertile farmland and natural resources like coal and wood. The wood served most purpose to the town’s economy, using the wood as fuel for steamboats as well as for construction, furniture and agricultural implements. The 1850 census shows that Evansville had officially been named a city and its neighboring community to the west, Lamasco, held about 4,700 residents. Jobs revolving around the river trade, the railroad, and the processing of grains, hogs, and wood drew in thousands of people to call the new city their home. Evansville’s roots are made up of citizens from southern Germany and the upper southlands of America. In the mid-1850s, elementary and secondary schools started to show up and were supported by taxpayers. Also, around this time, the city was still considered a “walking city”; this simply means that workers and students walked to their jobs and schools. Main Street was filled with pedestrians and horse powered vehicles. At this time firemen and police officers were volunteers. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A decade later, the city showed many signs of early industrialization; there were over eighty factories employing around a thousand wage earning workers. The primary industry in the city was flour milling, accounting for five eights of the capital income. The Evansville port exported sacks of corn, hogsheads of tobacco, and barrels of flour and pork. Just before the civil war began, Evansville was home to twelve thousand plus people; of whom, most were German born and many other were religious---Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopal, Evangelical, Baptist and Roman Catholic. Evansville’s population doubled between 1870 and 1890, and then doubled again by 1920 making the total population about 85,000 persons. There are two reasons for this rapid growth: one is the attraction the city created with the jobs the city so newly possessed and two, there were now higher birth rates and lower mortality rates. The change in these rates are explained by the building of public sewer systems, the creation of boards of public health, the growth of professionalism in the medical field and the construction of three hospitals in the city between 1872 and 1893. By 1870 there were 281 factories in Evansville. Flour was no longer the leading industry, instead, furniture making was now number one followed by the production of steamboat engines and men’s clothing. At the beginning of the twentieth century, sixty percent of the city’s population was employed in manufacturing and by 1920; those numbers had risen by 4,000 people. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During the First World War, tobacco, flour, and furniture employed the largest number of workers. Around this time women finally started becoming wageworkers and in the year of 1915 about 9,000 Evansville women were employed. Another change brought to Evansville’s local economy was the rise of corporations; this rise took down many local businesses. The rise of consumer goods was another sign of local economic change in the city. Prominently significant in this rise was the arrival of American businessman, Edward Mead Johnson, in 1915. Johnson founded the company, known today as, Johnson & Johnson with his two brothers, Robert and James. He later left the company with his brothers and started his own company, called Mead Johnson & Company, which produces an infant nutritional product, Dextri-Maltose. Johnson purchased the old Evansville Cotton Mill and transformed it into a factory for his company. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Urbanization and industrialization not only changed the economic structure of the city, but they changed the landscape, the social, and the cultural make up of the city. As the city boundaries expanded, this city became less compact and urban land was used for more specialized reasons. This expansion was made possible by annexation and mass transit like streetcars and automobiles. Because these mass transits were now able to travel farther, the development of residential subdivisions emerged quickly. Now the city’s work places and homes became more and more separated due to the growing white-collar class. The white-collar class felt the need to escape the noise and pollution of the downtown and this lead to a more distinct division of class in Evansville. The city’s neighborhoods began to reflect many aspects of ones social status: income, transportation, employment, religion and race. The population of blacks in Evansville was at a rapid growth rate until the early 1900s, it stabilized between 1910 and 1940. Many of the poor whites lived near Pigeon Creek as fishermen and the wealthy business owners and managers lived on the southeast side of town down by the river, eventually giving their region the name Riverside. Albion Fellows Bacon was one of the very few who were aware of the conditions that many of the newcomers faced when coming to Evansville. She noted these conditions in her pioneering studies, which eventually led to local, and state housing legislation. Evansville was now seriously separated by race, so separated that in 1915 two communities, who rarely saw one another, had been created within the city, a white community and a black community. Still, the black community created their own organizations and clubs, which helped them deal with the struggles of division and urban society. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The majority of the city’s population came from the German-Americans. The use of German language was so common in the city that in 1915, a German newspaper titled the <i>Demokrat</i> was sent out to about 5,000 citizens. Also, the elementary and secondary schools taught German as a second language. The German-American clubs sponsored and annual celebration known as German Day and was surprisingly the second most popular city event, Independence Day was the first. By 1915 there were several hundred churches, clubs and other organizations in the city’s directory. The different classes even found different ways to spend their leisure time. Wealthy whites spent their free time in the opera house or in the private park down the street from their home while poorer, newcomer families spent their time in church and the local saloon. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the years of World War I leading up to the post-World War II era, the city of Evansville experienced many changes just like most American cities. For starters, the population, once again, nearly doubled. By 1930, the city was home to over one hundred thousand persons. This population growth, like the large population growth between 1870 and 1920, was affected by the increasing quality of medical care, but this population growth spurt was also affected by the large migration of Kentuckians during World War II. The make up of the city’s population also changed, but only slightly. The number of trueborn Evansvillians was nine in ten by 1950. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the 1920s, state highways began undergoing construction and Evansville was included on the route of U.S. highway 41 that connected Florida to Wisconsin. This meant new businesses for Evansville such as gas stations along the highway and roadside hotels. Also in the 1920s came a serious shift in what the city would mainly produce. Instead of furniture and steamboat engines, Evansville’s main industries were now automotive parts and refrigerators. The big name in the refrigerator manufacturing business at the time was William McCurdy. McCurdy formed a corporation, the Servel Corporation, which manufactured gas-powered refrigerators. In the late 1930s, around the time of the great flood, two more major corporations moved into Evansville to manufacture refrigerators. The city of Evansville had become the refrigerator capital of the country. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Other things shaped Evansville’s economic transformation in this era as well. In the mid-1930s, the Hoosier Cardinal Corporation established the new concept of injection molding for plastic parts. In the late 1930s, merging of multiple coal companies resulted in the loss of jobs and a growing dependence on strip mining. On the other hand, parts of the economy that had been extremely important in the earlier years were now declining in importance to the city’s economical growth, such as the production of furniture and the number of steamboats to come through the port. Steamboats were becoming less important to the economy because railroads and automobiles had become more prominent. Many jobs related to the railroads had disappeared due to the competition they faced from cars, buses, and trucks. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In Evansville, 1933, one in four citizens was unemployed. When the Second World War came around, the federal government provided war-related manufacturing jobs and seventy-five percent of the city’s workers were employed again. New businesses also arrived to the city during this time, such as Missouri Bridge and Iron, which created even more jobs for the city’s unemployed. A great help to the city’s revenue, thirty miles south of Evansville, was Camp Breckinridge; soldiers from the camp traveled to Evansville every weekend. Assembly-line jobs were the main employment during World War II and the number of white-collar jobs increased because the need for managers rose along with the number of semi-skilled employees. Because the city’s two main industries were refrigerator and automotive related work, its economy was awfully sensitive to the national business cycles. Evansville had less unemployment when the city’s economy was wealthy and suffered more when the city’s economy took a hit. In 1950, the city had become the wealthiest it had ever been; only three percent of its workers were unemployed. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By 1950, Evansville society was transformed at the surface. More schools were built, the city built a Methodist college and they even opened up a new school for the blacks in 1928, which included housing and was for students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. Just from the 1920s to 1936 the city showed tremendous improvements; city parks were added, a new airport was built on the north side of the city and the building of the Dress Plaza on the riverfront showed great signs of improvement from the local government. Evansville’s hospitals improved with quality service and expansions, and the upbringing of a new museum added to the cultural awareness. Although, they may not all be on the surface, Evansville still held some traditional roots in 1950. Segregation was still strongly practiced and the card game “clabber”, unique to the Evansville region, was still played by many. Evansvillians learned a great deal from the social and economic disasters they went through. The skills they learned from these tragedies helped them survive and come out on the other side of the Great Flood of 1937.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> "Ohio River Flood, 1937," <i>The Lilly Library,</i> http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/wpa/flood.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> "Industry Will Help to Rehabilitate Ravaged City," <i>Hammond Times</i>, February 15, 1937.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> "Ohio River Flood, 1937,"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> "FDR creates the WPA," <i>A&E Television Networks, History.com.</i> http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fdr-creates-the-wpa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham, <i>An Evansville album: perspectives on a river city, 1812-1988</i>. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a> Darrel E. Bigham</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-5772700338406533292014-05-08T20:59:00.002-07:002014-05-09T13:25:16.375-07:00Smallpox in Indiana: East Chicago and Hammond, 1920<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By Caroline Brooks</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Before the smallpox vaccination, a common problem within communities was the disease as well as the spread of the disease smallpox. This was the case in Indiana. Lake County, located in the most northwestern corner of Indiana is made up of many different cities, including Gary. Two other cities that are in this Indiana County are East Chicago and Hammond. The case of a 1920 outbreak of smallpox in East Chicago and Hammond, Indiana is just one of a string of cases that shapes the way smallpox is viewed today.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Lake County, Indiana. The most northwestern county in Indiana. In 1920 the county was composed of 159,957 residents, 35,000 of which live in East Chicago alone,<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> with many being immigrants as well as some United States natives. The first settlers of Lake County were German immigrants looking for farm land that they could use to start their own farms and make something for themselves.<sup> </sup> However, once this generation came and settled, they began having their own children whom were natural born citizens. This next generation of Lake County inhabitants separated themselves from the continuing groups of immigrants, mainly from Germany and Ireland, still coming into Lake County. While the community started as a farming community, the community became what it is today, a factory based community. Even today, Hammond and East Chicago are known for their steel mills, factories that make steel. The many factories were in an ideal location with only a few miles outside of Chicago and right on the Great lakes, both railroads and waterways had a way to transport supplies into Hammond and East Chicago and to take steel out of the cities. These railroads were great for transportation both in and out of these Chicago suburbs, however they did create some catastrophes, one of which East Chicago and Hammond were still recovering from when smallpox broke out in 1920 in these Northwestern Indiana cities. Only 2 years before the smallpox outbreak, 1918, a circus train crashed leaving 104 people dead.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> This still left the community reeling and able to face one problem at a time and currently at the time was the railroad accident. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Dr. J. A. Teegarden, the health commissioner of East Chicago, had a patient. To him this was not an unusual case, the patient simply had chicken pox which was the diagnosis that Dr. Teegarden gave the patient. The patient was sent back out into the city, since he was deemed non-contagious. By almost midnight of the same day, 79 people between East Chicago and Hammond, 74 in East Chicago and 5 in Hammond<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[3]</span></span></span></a>, were diagnosed with smallpox. Then it hit Dr. Teegarden. The person who had been diagnosed with chicken pox was really suffering from smallpox, which was extremely contagious and spreading rapidly throughout the city mainly through factories. This meant the city of East Chicago had to act, and fast. One problem with the number of people who were affected by the disease was that it was so large. East Chicago did not have enough doctors to be able to treat the sick. This led Dr. Teegarden to have to reach out to the surrounding cities such as Gary and Indiana Harbor to use their doctors and nurses to treat those who were sick mainly in East Chicago.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> The sudden discovery of smallpox in the city of East Chicago caused a panic. Upon discovering the outbreak of smallpox, the city decided to quarantine the entire southern part of East Chicago, some 12,000 people and most of the immigrant population of the city.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> This part of East Chicago is where the outbreak was discovered, and quarantined based on the fact that the immigrants were thought to carry the disease and because the immigrants lived in such close living quarters, whereas those who lived in the northern part of the city did not live as close to each other. Another concern that the city had was the rapid spreading of the disease. Most of the immigrants including the person who was the carrier of the disease worked in the factories located in the Southern part of East Chicago. With such close working conditions the disease was being spread through the factories. This concerned the government officials of East Chicago who considered temporarily closing the factories in order for the smallpox epidemic to not grow any larger. In an effort to quarantine the immigrant population, East Chicago brought together about 100 men who served as guards to keep those in the quarantined area in that area.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> People who lived in the quarantined area of the town were not allowed into the northern, non-quarantined, part of the city. If deliveries needed to be made, the delivery men were still able to get into the Southern part of the city, however they were not able to knock on the doors and had to leave the products at the home’s entrance as to avoid contact with those who were contaminated. The street cars that ran through the town were not allowed to stop in the southern part of East Chicago for fear of causing more spreading of the highly contagious disease. The Southern half of East Chicago remained quarantined until the disease passed and then reopened.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The smallpox outbreak exposed some flaws within the system of East Chicago and Hammond, Indiana. One such flaw was the lack of resources and the lack of ability to take care of such a large disaster. When the outbreak of smallpox was discovered the doctors were unable to treat the number of people who were ill. Because of the lack of resources, the health commissioner had to send out for other doctors and nurses to help treat those who were sick. This caused a delay in people being able to be treated for smallpox. Another flaw that was exposed was the lack of education that some of the doctors had and a comfort level that they were beginning to feel with smallpox. In 1920 smallpox was not a new disease and many outbreaks had been caused before this one. However, this one was different because it was caused by a misdiagnosis. Dr. Teegarden was becoming too comfortable with diagnosing smallpox that he saw the carrier’s symptoms and automatically assumed that the symptoms were chickenpox, this caused the carrier to go out into the town infected and spreading the disease. The working conditions in the factories are another problem that was exposed during the outbreak. There were so many people who worked together in the factories that when one person got sick, if left undetected, everybody got sick. The full realization that immigrants were not liked in the northern Indiana community was shown through this outbreak. One newspaper reporting on the outbreak referred to immigrants as “foreign born” and it was these immigrants who were blamed for the rapid spreading of the disease because they live and work in such close living quarters.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> The realization of all of these things give the community something to build on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Even prior to the outbreak of smallpox in 1920, steps were being taken to combat smallpox. By 1920, smallpox was not as much of a concern as even measles was<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[8]</span></span></span></a>,<sup> </sup>yet none the less still a concern for cities as shown by this outbreak and the rapid spreading of the disease. The smallpox vaccination was originally discovered to be effective in preventing smallpox in 1796 by Edward Jenner in England. By 1840, vaccination was the only legal way to prevent and treat smallpox however while it was known there were not always enough doses of the vaccine to ensure everyone in entire cities would be able to receive the vaccine and had yet to entirely reach the United States. Slowly the disease began to not affect as many people, which was why it was a surprise that there was such a large outbreak in such a short amount of time. In the years leading up to the outbreak from the development of the vaccine more research was done including the research on how the disease spread. Then 1920 comes and the city of East Chicago is affected and shown the flaws in their internal makeup. Two years following the outbreak of the disease, in 1922, schools begin to regulate students having a smallpox vaccination before attending school. While schools were mandating that students have the vaccine prior to attending, this was still something that could be challenged by the parents through the courts. About twenty years went by with vaccinations happening as much as possible when one of the final outbreaks of smallpox happened in New York City. This case was handled differently and once the case was discovered the man was immediately isolated and those who were around the man were vaccinated. With the final case of smallpox, only 12 people showed signs of the disease and out of those 12 people only 2 people died.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> In 1948 a mass effort was done to vaccinate people by the World Health Organization and the United States after the WHO recommended the freeze-dried vaccine. Over the next 23 years, a few smaller cases of smallpox appeared but were determined to be brought over by people from other countries where smallpox still existed until the late 1970’s. In 1972, the United States determined that smallpox was no longer a threat to the United States and vaccination was no longer needed. Then in 1980, the World Health Organization declared the world to be free from smallpox.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> However despite the fact that smallpox was said to no longer be a threat to people the United States military still routinely vaccinated military personal, yet this effort was stopped in 1990 after being decided this was on longer needed. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, smallpox was once again determined to be a threat to military personal by the government so military personal are again being vaccinated for smallpox.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> The 1920 outbreak of smallpox in East Chicago and Hammond, Indiana was just one in a string of outbreaks that caused revolutionary thought of a disease that would later be determined to no longer be such a threat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One disaster can change a community and reveal things that were not known before the disaster. This was the case with the smallpox outbreak in 1920. The disaster showed the flaws in how the society was running and caused further exploration into what would end the outbreaks of smallpox entirely.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Census and Housing, 1920.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> U.S. Geologic Survey. Geographic Names Information System. “Full Detail Report for: Ivanhoe.” 14 February 1979.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> “Epidemic Locks in 12,000.” Chicago Daily Tribune. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune, 31 December 1920.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> “Epidemic Locks in 12,000.” Chicago Daily Tribune. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune, 31 December 1920.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> “Epidemic Locks in 12,000.” Chicago Daily Tribune. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune, 31 December 1920.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> “12,000 People Quarantined in East Chicago.” Logansport Pharos-Tribune. 31 December 1920.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> “Epidemic Locks in 12,000.” Chicago Daily Tribune. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune, 31 December 1920.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> “Epidemic Locks in 12,000.” Chicago Daily Tribune. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune, 31 December 1920.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> “Smallpox.” The History of Vaccines. College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 2014. Web.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> “Smallpox.” The History of Vaccines. College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 2014. Web.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> “Smallpox.” The History of Vaccines. College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 2014. Web.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-14628274046824465012014-05-08T20:58:00.002-07:002014-05-09T13:29:09.279-07:00Nightmare in New Castle: The 1917 Tornado<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By Anna Burden</span></i></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In March of 1917, New Castle, Indiana had a population of 15,000 and was known as the "city of roses" or “rose city” because of how many greenhouses populated the town. New Castle archives report that New Castle's "Rose City" roots and reputation were verified by a special 1910 magazine edition of the New Castle Daily Times. "New Castle, the Rose City,” The name has spread over the country and the name Rose City has become almost as firmly attached to New Castle as has the Windy City to Chicago and the Golden Gate City to San Francisco,"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> the 1910 edition said.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">These roses were once sold for $36 a dozen in places like Chicago which was a steep purchase at this time. In today's current economic challenges, it may be hard for some to believe that the roses grown in New Castle actually became a mark of wealth alongside things like diamonds. An article quoted Mrs. Carl Irwin who was a town resident as she proclaimed the status that came along with theses homegrown beauties. Mrs. Irwin wrote, "lucky indeed was the girl who could stand at her graduation or wedding with American Beauty Roses in her arms."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> New Castle found fame and fortune in their ever growing flower power.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The New Castle archives also reported that A 1910 story in The New Castle Democrat stated that, "thousands [roses] are sent out every day during the season but even then the demand is greater than the supply.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> The story also reported that, "It seems strange that in mid-winter New Castle roses should be sent to Memphis, Mobile and New Orleans and other southern cities where flowers grow the year round but such is a fact." According to local historians, Herbert and Myer Heller were looked at for founding and planting the success that now riddled the town with beauty. "American Beauties were their specialty and they took one prize after another at all the great flower shows in the country, until it became evident that the best roses in America were grown in New Castle,"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> a 1903 New Castle Democrat article found in the New Castle archive stated. Roses ignited celebration across town. It was even reported by Mrs. Irwin that when the New Castle roses won the Kansas City contest, the town erupted. A local newspaper found in the New Castle archives reported that Mrs. Irwin saw, "Strangers grab each other on the streets and local people who had once thought the greenhouse men an odd breed greeted them as brothers," she exclaimed. "Someone grabbed a fiddle and they put on a celebration the town was long to remember."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[5]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Giant red roses meant lots of green and a lot of pride and joy for New Castle. There were as many as 100 greenhouses growing and nurturing special kinds of roses which were in turn helping New Castle grow and blossom as a community. New Castle, Indiana was famous for its vast number of greenhouses but on March 11, 1917, this town became famous for something far less beautiful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> On a stormy afternoon at 3:02 p.m. on Sunday, March 11, 1917, many of New Castle’s resident’s lives were changed forever. An article reported that in just a few terrifying minutes, “22 people were killed, hundreds were injured, 500 homes were damaged or destroyed and many of the city's triumphant greenhouses were leveled in what would be part of $1 million suffered in property damage.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> A massive tornado had swept over central eastern Indiana and southern Ohio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The tragedy dominated headlines not only in New Castle but across the state proclaiming headlines such as, "Rose City In Ruins." As well as lives lost, many of the greenhouses were in the tornado's path of destruction. "The frail construction of the glass-covered buildings fell easy prey to the wind," one newspaper reported. A well-known greenhouse at this time run by the Heller Brothers recounted that they, "never again reached the peak of earlier days."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[7]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Local newspaper reports were incredibly tragic as they reported the horrific misfortunes of that day. "Men, women and children are seen on every hand with arms in slings, bandages around heads and liberal patches on faces," a New Castle paper read. "The two morgues were filled with a never-ending stream of visitors from daylight until late in the evening. It was estimated that 10,000 or more viewed the remains of victims in the disaster.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[8]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Richmond, Indiana, a neighboring town, and Cincinnati, Ohio were also in the dangerous path of this storm. The New York Times reported alarming news from these towns. The article read that, “two children of Ernest Graves were killed. The children were in a brick house which was demolished. Ora Smith, a farmer of that neighborhood, living in a shanty near the new home he was building, was picked up by the wind, carried 100 feet, and dripped into a pond. His back was broken and he probably will die.” The damage in the county is estimated at several thousand dollars. “In Cincinnati, Ohio, seven houses are lying in ruins on Grace and on Greist Avenues. The greatest damage was done at the home of Mathew McCarthy on Greist Avenue near Delta Avenue. Here the three year-old son of Mr. McCarthy was blown out of the house. His bruised body was found a dozen yards away. Mr. McCarthy and two nephews were so badly injured that they probably will die”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> the article reported.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Also a victim to this tragedy was a man known locally as “Old Man Nelson.” He was age 90 and had made his home in a wagon. He, unfortunately, died in the storm as well. Fear of fire riddled the town as well. Several of the houses in the path of the tornado caught fire. Firemen and police were working in the burning ruins late tonight to rescue those thought to be trapped. Luckily, rain followed the tornado and just as Mother Nature had ripped apart this town, she helped to stop further destruction.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[10]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Rose City would never quite come back from this disaster but still kindness and assistance seemed to come from all directions. Sugar, flour, meats, and potatoes were offered by The Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce to the residents in New Castle. The City of New Castle archives reported that, “more than $9,000 in donations poured in from all around the state. Cities from Ohio to Illinois to Texas contributed. The Maxwell Motor Co. in Dayton sent $2,000. Montgomery-Ward in Chicago sent another $1,000.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> According to several local newspaper reports, compassion overshadowed dismay. Many residents of New Castle found themselves without a home but were welcomed with compassion and a place to stay by their neighbors who were not so heavily impacted by the destruction of the storm. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The city was also under police and military control. The Indiana National Guard was patrolling the damaged districts. Under the order of Mayor L.J. Watkins, all saloons and factories were closed. Work of repairing the damage to the less injured buildings had begun as the sun was rising. One article wrote that, “Carpenters were hurrying along the devastated streets with their told wagonloads of lumbers were being hauled to various addresses. Daylight disclosed many pitiful sights. Many persons remained in the wreck of their homes last night. Several used blankets, quilts and bedding to stop up broken windows or holes in the roofs.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[12]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One newspaper read that, "Later reports of relief work show that nearly everyone in the city who can accommodate any of the storm sufferers are offering their homes to them," Clearing debris became an unimaginable task without the availability of cranes to do so. It is said that city officials called on farmers to bring herds of animals in to help clear the debilitating debris. "It is the belief of the people of New Castle and especially those directly in charge of relief work that scores of farmers will be glad to offer the use of their teams two or three days for this work. A hundred teams can be used and those willing to donate the same should call the relief committee"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[13]</span></span></span></a> a local newspaper accounted.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Economically, the town had trouble regaining its footing because almost all of the greenhouses had been destroyed as well as some factories. Physically, the town fell victim to the destruction of the tornado. For several hours the town was entirely cut off from outside communication. Practically every road leading into the city was blocked with fallen trees and debris. Socially, the town found refuge in each other’s homes and arms. The Mayor took action to assist in every way that he could and government agencies stepped up and intervened in this tragic time. Politically, it seems as if there was no change because this tragedy was of Mother Nature. Besides abandoning their homes, there was nothing that the residents could do. No one knows truly how bad a storm is going to be until it is at your door step so the community of New Castle has no one to blame besides good old Mother Nature. It’s not said whether preventative actions were taken but rebuilding happened almost immediately as crews began cleaning up the broken town. Although the town was physically in shambles, the community rose as one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">A combination of natural and man-made forces ultimately resulted in the downfall of New Castle's fame and money making industry of roses. The town never really came back from this natural disaster. Fortunately though, this tragedy brought the residents of New Castle together in a way that changed the town as a community. Although buildings were demolished, green houses turned to dust, and lives lost, the residents reached out to each other to help build their spirits once more. Help came from those who were trained to and from those who rose to the occasion. Among all the destruction, New Castle took steps to rebuild the community as a helping community rather than anything else. This was not a disaster to blame on anyone, rather a natural misfortune that forced the community to rise to the occasion and help their neighbors. New Castle did exactly that, they rose and they grew as beautifully as the American Beauty Roses once had.</span></div>
<div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> “When New Castle Became ‘Rose City’,” <i>Courier Times</i>, http://www.thecouriertimes.com/main.asp?SectionID=23&SubSectionID=45&ArticleID=279521<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> “When New Castle Became ‘Rose City’”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> “When New Castle Became ‘Rose City’”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> “When New Castle Became ‘Rose City’”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> “When New Castle Became ‘Rose City’”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> “When New Castle Became ‘Rose City”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> “Newcastle, Indiana Tornado March 11, 1917,” <i>GenDisasters: Events That Touched Our Ancestors’ Lives</i>, http://www.gendisasters.com/data1/in/tornadoes/newcastle-tornado1917.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> “When Newcastle Became ‘Rose City”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Tornado Kills A Score,” <i>New York Times</i>, March 12, 1917, p. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Tornado Kills A Score”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> “When New Castle Became ‘Rose City’”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[12]</span></span></span></a> “Newcastle, Indiana Tornado March 11, 1917”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.333332061767578px;">[13]</span></span></span></a> Darrel Radford, “From ‘Rose City’ to Ruins” <i>The Henry County Historical Society</i>, http://www.henrycountyhs.org/category/news/page/3/</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-47887532111273228612014-05-08T20:57:00.002-07:002014-05-09T13:29:41.737-07:00Indianapolis, Indiana, and the Blizzard of 1914<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>By K. F. O.</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">January 30, 1914 was not an ordinary day for part of the Midwest. A blizzard impacted Northern Illinois, Ohio and Indiana in the early morning. Out of this region, Indianapolis was largely affected by this natural disaster. Indianapolis received upwards of twelve inches of snow that day and into the night. This is quite a lot of snow, but it is no different from the snow we have been getting in Indianapolis recently. Snowstorms have always affected Indianapolis and have produced the same amount of snow throughout history, whether it be one inch or twelve inches. A community cannot change the inches they receive, but they can change how they handle the inches they receive. Twelve inches may same like an abnormal amount these days, but the city of Indianapolis still manages to be able to keep the city running. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One hundred years ago they did not have resources to conquer twelve inches of snow without shutting down the entire city. It took the city a few days to get back up onto their feet. Because of this storm there were many human causalities due to exposure to the cold, no electricity and fierce winds. The snow caused railroads to stop operating and trains were hours behind of schedule. The equivalent to the closing of the railroads would be the closing of roads in present day. Although the storm that happened in 1914 may not have directly changed the way Indianapolis dealt with this sort of disaster, the way they conquered it helped shape the way snowstorms were handled throughout history since then. Although the community of Indianapolis could not deal with the effects of the storm in a timely fashion, it did take note of what they had learned. Another storm would hit Indianapolis a few weeks later, but we would come to find out that it would be worse than this one. Indianapolis as a whole could not deal with two natural disasters such as this in a short period of time. As much as the residents and workers of Indianapolis wanted to learn from this situation, they did not have enough time to be able to come up with resources to help counteract any future storms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The storm that occurred on the night of the 30<sup>th</sup> was the first official storm that Indianapolis had received in 1914, but it would not be the last. On that night, according to the Indianapolis Star Volume 11, Number 240, “the damage that [was] done to telegraph and telephone wires [was] apt to be enormous unless a quick thaw [came].”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> This January 31<sup>st</sup> news story in the Indianapolis star was the first reporting of the storm. Before the snow and sleet hit the area, it was just a normal night out the town for many residents of the city. Many were downtown attending shows at the theatre and having a great night. This is what the majority of the residents of Indianapolis liked to do on their free nights. Women would dress up in their fanciest dresses and men in their nicest suits and go out and enjoy themselves. Because of the sudden storm that many of them did not expect, many of the theatre-goers were forced to wait for ways to get home for more than three hours after their shows had ended. When they failed to find ways of transportation to go back home, many had to walk home through the sleet and slide their way home on the slippery sidewalks. Because of this, many had slipped and caused several injuries that night. While residents were walking home, the people who were lucky enough to find a mode of transportation home more times than not got in accidents with each other. At one incident, Paul Marks, a short time resident of Indianapolis, was cut by flying glass.<sup>1</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Not only were people falling because of the storm, wires were also falling from the sky; electric live wires. “Wires fell in several parts of the city, the heavy traction wires suffering most because of their weight and the strain against them caused by passing trolley cars. The slippery tracks were responsible for one collision, in which one person was hurt slightly, a dozen shaken severely and two cars badly smashed.”<sup>1</sup> Because of this and the sleet on the trolley wires, thousands of residents in Indianapolis had to be treated to electrical pyrotechnics. Wires weren’t the only issue that resulted from that storm. The telegraph service for Indianapolis received a greater hit due to the passing storm. “The effect on the telegraph wires was almost instantaneous after the first sleet arrived, and at midnight the Western Union Telegraph Company only had one local wire working between Indianapolis and Chicago.”<sup>1</sup> This posed a great problem because Indianapolis did not have a connection with points south and west of Terre Haute and had no idea how the storm had affected these areas. Indianapolis was isolated and it would not have means of communication for several days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">February 1<sup>st</sup>, 1914 was the second day that we learned even more pertinent information regarding the effects of the blizzard in Indianapolis that happened on the 30<sup>th</sup>. Headlines in the Indianapolis Star shouted “City Facing Big Task as Result of Storm Havoc” and “Two Dead, Several Injured and Much Suffering, With Enormous Damage to Overhead Wiring System, in Path of Worst Blizzard of Winter.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> In Indianapolis alone, the storm caused two deaths and several injuries as of February 1<sup>st</sup> of that year. The two known men that were killed went by the names of Hammit Thaxton and Joseph M. Walsh. Thaxton was 21 years old that was originally from Virginia. He had been staying in New Ross, Indiana. Thaxton had been working a pole that was by the Big Four railroad when suddenly the pole fell and he fell with it. He was killed on impact and broke his neck. Due to this pole falling, the telegraph service was badly impaired. Walsh was electrocuted by placing a call over a private line. “A ‘live’ wire, which had given way to the weight of the sleet, fell across the private line and electrified the telephone.”<sup>2</sup> When he had picked up the receiver, that was the moment he was instantly electrocuted. The residents of Indianapolis who ended up dead were usually the workers who were employed by the city. Although the people who received injuries were not harmed to badly, one was in severe condition. William Robernett was found frozen to a telephone pole and had to be taken to the City Hospital immediately. Many of the injuries were by normal residents who were trying to get around the city but failed miserably. This storm affected everyone in the city. Not just one group of people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Not only were people dead and some injured, but there was hardly any news coverage of the poor who were suffering tremendously. There were hundreds of them exposed to the severe cold due to having inadequate shelter and resources. Thankfully, there was relief for the poor by charitable organizations throughout the city. The Indianapolis Star reported that “calls came from all parts of the city for coal, food and clothing, and extra supplies were sent out by each of the organizations.”<sup>2</sup> Unemployed men were hired by the Salvation Army, Volunteers of America and the Pentecost Band shelter house to work cleaning the sidewalks in exchange for lodging and food. These three charitable organization came together to help the poor be able to survive the remaining effects of the storm and would soon be put to more work in the upcoming blizzard that would hit Indianapolis once again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Most of the streets throughout Indianapolis were covered with fallen limbs that were spewed every which way. Even though this occurred, many sought consolation by the transformation of the city into a “veritable fairyland of snow-capped houses, beautiful trees, whose frosted branches glittered, and icicles, gleaming everywhere."<sup>2</sup> It was in fact a winter wonderland and the city of Indianapolis was not used to seeing this. It was said that Indianapolis was one of the few cities that suffered the most who were in the storm’s path. Snow in some places reached 12 inches, but the average amount of snow fall was 8.2 inches.<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Because of all the snow, Indianapolis had to find a way to get rid of it. “The Indianapolis Humane Society found plenty of work to do…many complaints were made that teams were being compelled to draw loads that were much too heavy because of the snow on the ground.”<sup>2</sup> Special officers of the Human Society made sure that horses were not being overworked and that they were properly shielded by the cold with blankets. Along with the horses carrying loads of snow, “Fifty men and fifteen teams were used by the street cleaning department in cleaning snow from downtown thoroughfares.”<sup>2</sup> Every man in both the street cleaning department and the street commissioner’s department were used to scrape the snow piles and haul it away as fast as they could.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The second day after the storm was quite a busy one. Not only were men cleaning the streets, repairmen were trying to restore telephone, telegraph and electric light services to normal. Indianapolis was in the dark for quite a while after the storm initially hit. Residences throughout the city were only using oil lamps and candles to light their homes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By the end of the second day after the storm initially hit, the steam and electric railway traffic were practically up and running. Most were behind schedule, but this was only due to the storm that affected cities to the east of Indianapolis. Officials of the city said that “the storm was the worst in years from the standpoint of the electric roads.”<sup>2</sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By the third day, the city was recovering from the storm slowly. According to the February 2<sup>nd</sup> issue of the Indianapolis Star, the lighting in all parts of Indianapolis were restored, but the telephone lines were still down.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> As for the snow, mild temperatures started to roll in and melted some of it. It was expected to continue with the mild weather. Nothing much was done that day except for repairmen trying to get the telephone and telegraph lines up and running. The worst effects of the storm was over.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the end, the city got back up on its feet, but by the time it was fully functioning again, the city would soon take another hit by another blizzard on February 22, 1914. The city was unable to respond to this storm in the timely fashion that they wanted. Charitable organizations played a big part in assisting more residents due to them not being back on their feet since the previous storm. The storm that had happened in the latter part of February was more severe than the storm that Indianapolis had seen in the beginning of February. They had seen more inches and higher wind chills. While the storm previous to this one experienced highs in the 20s and 30s, this storm had highs close to zero degrees. Organizations such as the Salvation Army had to allocate their resources to people that needed them the most. This led to many families freezing and going without food and resources.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 17.1200008392334px;">[4]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Getting the city back on its feet was a long drawn out process in 1914. The city was hit with multiple snow storms in a short period of time. The city of Indianapolis now can relate to what they were receiving back in 1914. This is interesting because within exactly 100 years, we are seeing the same pattern of weather; excessive snow within short periods of time between them and very low wind chill factors. We are still having trouble getting the city a hundred years later to cooperate instantaneously, but it is mostly due to the salt not cooperating with extreme cold. The city knows how to deal with a storm of this capacity in no more than two or three days maximum when the roads are the main problem. Occasionally we will have the unexpected wire fall, but it is usually taken care of right away. Residents are not without electricity and still are able to use the phone lines. The technology back in 1914 could not withstand this type of storm, especially multiple storms in a short period of time. Only with improvements in technology in the upcoming years could a city like Indianapolis be able to deal with a storm and storms of this size in a timely fashion without leaving residents in the dark and cold without means of communication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> <w:sdt citation="t" id="1500076855">(Rain and Sleet Tie Up Traffic and Snap Wires 1914)</w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> <w:sdt citation="t" id="1536463367">(City Facing Big Task as Result of Storm Havoc 1914)</w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> <w:sdt citation="t" id="1211076156">(City is Recovering from the Storm Slowly 1914)</w:sdt><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> <w:sdt citation="t" id="-959341487">(Suffering Resulting From Blizzard Taxes Resources of Charity Workers 1914)</w:sdt></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-28446632046249199402014-05-08T20:56:00.002-07:002014-05-09T07:34:50.554-07:00The 1910 Bluffton--Fort Wayne Trolley Car Wreck<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By Samantha Goldberg</span></i></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Trolley cars were a promising source of transportation that became commonly used throughout the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Richmond, Virginia was the first city in the United States that successfully installed an electric street railway, which soon became known as a trolley. Trolleys became a popular way to transport goods, people and more quicker than other forms of transportation that were around previously. Trolleys were helpful in transporting individuals to and from their jobs in the city and more. People using trolley cars as transportation did not anticipate the accidents that would occur.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Fort Wayne, Indiana was founded in October of 1794 and is known today to be the second largest city in Indiana. Fort Wayne consisted of early settlers and Native Americans. In the 1830s, canals were a major source of transportation through Fort Wayne. Fort Wayne was known as the “Summit City” due to the fact that it was the highest point above sea level on the canal route. Later on in the 1800s, the railroad was built. Fort Wayne became a popular place for immigrants to move to due to job availability. Throughout the 1900s, Fort Wayne continued to improve; during the Great Depression, Fort Wayne still continued to grow.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> In 1910, headlines throughout Indiana spoke about the trolley wreck on an Indiana road that left 42 dead and seven injured. A trolley was a car that transported people from one destination to another. Trolleys consisted of a wheel that was attached to a pole, which was used for collecting current from an electric wire overhead in order to drive the streetcar. The crash between two electric cars consisted of a head-on collision on a sharp curve, while moving at high speeds. This accident was said to be the “most disastrous in electric transportation.” The two cars collided at high speeds half a mile north of Kingsland, seven miles north of Bluffton, and eighteen miles south of Fort Wayne.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Frank I. Hardy, superintendent of transportation, placed the blame of the collision between two electric cars upon Motorman C.T. Corkwell of the special. Hardy claims that C.T. Corkwell was supposed to go into a switch between Ossian and Kingsland, and then wait for the local train to pass. The crash took place less than one mile north of Kingsland. The switch that Corkwell was supposed to follow through with was planned to occur about two miles north of Kingsland. Hardy claims that there is only one conclusion. Hardy’s conclusion for the train crash was “either Corkwell misunderstood or disobeyed his orders” and that “he [Hardy] might have thought that he could get to Kingsland before the local left, but his orders were not obeyed”. The men working on the northbound train were not placed at fault for the trolley wreck because they had the right of way on the track; the men on the northbound train were aware that the special car was entitled to make the switch between Ossian and Kingsland.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Even though the collision between the trolley cars was considered a local accident in the state of Indiana, it impacted not only the towns involved in the accident, but the state as well as the nation. This accident affected people who were on the electric cars, their friends, their families and even more. People who did not even know anyone on the trolley cars were affected because they began to fear railroad transportation. Many of the people being transported on the trolleys that collided were among the wealthiest class. These individuals were on their way to the Fort Wayne fair to see the races.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> The Indiana Gazette claims that of the thirty-six individuals who could be identified, eighteen of them were currently living in Bluffton.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Physicians and nurses were arriving quickly at the scene of the collision. Many people were transported to hospitals, but some died before they could receive medical attention.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> The trolley wreck of 1910 in Indiana took place just north of the Kingsland highway. Survivors of the accident were suffering for about 90 minutes before help arrived.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> According to the Journal Gazette, the trolley accident of 1910 took a total of 41 lives and surfaced the news, newspapers and more, all around the nation. The trolley wreck occurred on a Wednesday afternoon when a full loaded, single-car headed north from Bluffton, holding around 55 passengers, a conductor and a motorman. The car from Bluffton was headed towards Fort Wayne, Indiana. Majority of the passengers on this trolley were planning on attending the Allen County fair that day. The Allen County Fair was a popular scene; therefore, the dispatcher in Fort Wayne had requested an additional trolley car to head south to get more people in Bluffton who wished to attend.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> By the year 1910, railroads became more popular and there was a higher demand for them. Interurban cars and tracks started to overlap one another and cross one another’s paths. It became common for trolley cars to pass one another by the year 1910. The conclusion of what went wrong on September 21, 1910 was human error. The northbound car was following the correct orders and commands. The southbound car was aware that the northbound car was on the track as well and was supposed to wait for the northbound train to pass by. Both of the trains were at a speed of 50 to 60 miles per hour when they got to Kingsland and collided at full speed.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> Fort Wayne and Wabash Valley Traction Company paid about $300,000 in death and injury claims. After large state investigation by the Indiana Railroad Commission, no charges were placed and none of the crew was let go from their jobs. The trolley wreck of 1910 left people in grief and left people feeling broken.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> A journalist recently wrote about the Indiana trolley wreck in 1910 and explained how forms of communication were not as advanced as they are today; therefore, dispatcher’s were not capable of interacting with the crews on the moving trolleys and were not able to avoid the crash. The accident left many financial issues for individuals of the town and individuals who had family members or friends on the trolley’s that crashed.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The trolley crash in Fort Wayne, Indiana on September 21, 1910, was said to have been a “misunderstanding of orders” given to the southbound car making a switch near Kingsland so that the northbound car could pass by, according to the Charlotte Daily Observer. There were two physicians present on the trolley cars at the time of the wreck, but one of them was left seriously injured and the other was hurt as well. A large amount of the dead individuals at the scene of the accident were removed from the cars, debris and were taken away from the scene. People who lived nearby were helpful when needed at the sight of the accident.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The Philadelphia Inquirer claimed that the motormen of the southbound car and of the northbound car did not have enough time to set the breaks when they saw one another, head on, about to crash. After the accident occurred, people were able to hear the screams of the injured individuals on the cars. After the accident, the neighboring farmers fled to the scene in order to help. The conductor on the southbound train was said to be uninjured, and decided to run back towards Kingsland in order to stop any other cars that were approaching the scene of the crash. People were rushed to hospitals, whether they were found dead or alive.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> From my research, I was able to conclude that the town of Kingston, Indiana was a town that was capable of helping people in need when needed the most. The town of Kingston is not too far from the well-known town of Fort Wayne, Indiana. Kingston seems to be a smaller town than Fort Wayne and people were extremely willing to help assist others when the accident between the two trolley cars occurred. People immediately fled to the scene in order to help those who were severely injured and those who found family members and friends dead at the scene. Physicians and doctors rushed over to the scene in order to help out immediately. People rushed others to nearby hospitals to help them receive the immediate help that they needed.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> The trolley wreck of 1910 brought the town of Kingston, Indiana closer together than before. When disasters occur, people come together in order to help one another; disasters bring individuals closer together. In order to prevent future trolley accidents, motormen and conductors must pay closer attention to their orders and must allow for other cars to pass by when they are supposed to.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> According to the Indy Star, the best way to travel from one city to another was through the “interurban” rail car throughout the early 1900s. Even though the trolley wreck on September 22, 1910 was deadly, it was not the worst crash in Indiana. The worst crash in Indianapolis was on October 14, 1927. After multiple, deadly crashes began a decline of interurbans. The automobile started to became popular and by the time World War II came around, Indiana’s interurbans started to disappear, while the automobile became popular. Today, there are remnants of the interurbans, but they no longer run.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> There were many newspapers that reported the trolley wreck in Indiana on September 21, 1910 and dates following. This trolley accident, which was known to be the most disastrous accident at the time, went viral and became front-page news all across the United States. Many of the newspapers had similar stories, while some had stories that differed from the truth. News travels quickly throughout the country, but tends to get altered while doing so.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span></span></a> “Visit Fort Wayne, Indiana – The Official Destination Marketing Organization for Fort Wayne and Allen County, Indiana”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span></span></a> “Trolley Wreck on Indiana Road Kills 42, Hurts 7,” <i>The Chicago Tribune,</i> Sept. 22, 1910, p. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span></span></a> “Trolley Wreck on Indiana Road Kills 42, Hurts 7.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span></span></a> “Thirty-nine Killed in Wreck: Trolley Cart Crash in Indiana,” <i>The Indiana Gazette</i>, Sept. 22, 1910, p. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span></span></a> “Thirty-nine Killed in Wreck: Trolley Cart Crash in Indiana.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span></span></a> “Mass-transit Tragedy: Interurban Crash a Century Ago Killed 41, Shattered Lives,” <i>The Journal Gazette,</i> Sept. 19, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span></span></a> “Mass-transit Tragedy: Interurban Crash a Century Ago Killed 41, Shattered Lives”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span></span></a> “Mass-transit Tragedy: Interurban Crash a Century Ago Killed 41, Shattered Lives”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span></span></a> “Mass-transit Tragedy: Interurban Crash a Century Ago Killed 41, Shattered Lives”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span></span></a> “Indiana Interurban Crash Recalled,” <i>Trams Stop Here!</i>, Sept. 24, 2010.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span></span></a> “Forty-two Persons Killed in Indiana Trolley Car Collision,” <i>Charlotte Daily Observer</i>, Sept. 22, 1910, P. 1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span></span></a> “42 Killed When Trolley Cars Crash in Indiana,” <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>, Sept. 22, 1920, P. 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span></span></a> “Thirty-nine Killed in Wreck: Trolley Cart Crash in Indiana.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span></span></a> “Retro Indy: Interurban streetcars of the early 1900s,” <i>IndyStar</i>, Jan. 17, 2014.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-34300818124560436252014-05-08T20:55:00.002-07:002014-05-09T13:30:14.858-07:00Disaster in Indiana: The 1937 Ohio River Flood<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvmhDvhFHhIgZFduXNkE3UGgtsd8r79K-5VajccjuHULYJpzFeqwILWcXTzIM44UjMNbT2cfWsOTFelF9M_80YEwGffTnyxLiH5UQCKw5tdk2cAvYLahL1kUUU30o3GTHW_8GSybuQ5H58/s1600/1937Flood6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvmhDvhFHhIgZFduXNkE3UGgtsd8r79K-5VajccjuHULYJpzFeqwILWcXTzIM44UjMNbT2cfWsOTFelF9M_80YEwGffTnyxLiH5UQCKw5tdk2cAvYLahL1kUUU30o3GTHW_8GSybuQ5H58/s1600/1937Flood6.jpg" height="255" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">U.S. Coast Guard photo.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0in;"><b><i>By K. S. Burgess</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0in;">In the first months of 1937, the Ohio River began to swell, spilling over into the surrounding land: It started on the fifth of January, and continued through early February. As the waters began to rise, there were numerous flood warnings put in place for much of the area surrounding the rising Ohio River. Rainfall amounts were reaching record highs, and did not seem to be stopping.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0in;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="line-height: 32px;" title="">[1]</a></span></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 32px;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 32px;">Temperatures were abnormally warm for the beginning months of the year, and this caused what the winter weather dropped to thaw, only increasing water levels around the state. By mid-January, a large number of houses were flooded due to the Ohio River’s waters overflowing as a result of the abnormal and heavy rainfall. Experts at the weather bureau stated their fears for conditions becoming even worse than those in the 1913 flood in Indiana. Forecasts for more rain made people even more afraid of what the result of the flooding would be.</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="line-height: 32px;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[2]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">According to the <i>Chicago Daily Tribune,</i> as the end of January approached, conditions only got worse.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Thirty-three counties were under martial law by this time. People were being evacuated in large numbers—whole cities at a time—and Adjutant General Elmer F. Straub reported that whole buildings that were visible at the beginning of the third week of January, the 24<sup>th</sup>, were completely underwater two days later.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[4]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In one city—Aurora, Indiana—the amount of people who evacuated were eight times the amount of people who stayed. These five hundred remaining were brought food and water by army trucks. Some people, however, did not want to evacuate. A group of approximately three hundred refugees took shelter in a hall building. The higher the flood waters rose, the weaker the walls of the building became. However, the people still resisted the call to leave. Because of this, Straub had to have an officer force evacuation of the building.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[5]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Water levels reached over fifty feet, some sources say fifty-four, in the city of Evansville, Indiana, which is located in the southern part of the state. Flood stage is considered to be thirty-five feet, which these water levels far surpassed. Flood waters rose to these heights and higher still in the neighboring states of Ohio and Kentucky where cities like Cincinnati and Louisville almost completely covered by upwards of seventy feet of flood water.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[6]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Buildings in some areas were listed as “unsafe” by military engineers because they feared that the sewer systems could collapse as buildings become more unstable, According to Red Cross relief director Charles Carr.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> The likelihood of having more than a couple of roads open was very slim. Often, there would be one road clear enough to get food, water and other supplies into the cities by military means. Many cities’ water supplies were affected by sewer disruptions so cities had to ration water for their citizens.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[8]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Disease spread was more easily spread with flood waters present. People would be confined in small spaces for long periods of time, making disease spread easier. There were at least six deaths from exposure. Typhoid fever vaccinations were distributed in large numbers throughout many cities. People suffered and died from hunger, thirst, and the cold.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[9]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The first days of February marked the beginning of the waters’ recession, with levels finally falling below flood levels for the first time in about three weeks. The damage left by this flood stretched over multiple states, leaving about one million people were left without homes. Nearly four hundred people lost their lives during this flood, and the property damages reached five hundred million dollars, or approximately eight billion in today’s dollars.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> The <i>Chicago Daily Tribune </i>published that it was the return of winter weather that helped the recession of tributaries that fed into the Ohio River.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[11]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Many people were left homeless after the flood had come and gone. Some sources say that nearly fifty-five thousand people were reported as being homeless across the state of Indiana.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[12]</span></span></span></a> A number of homes were washed away by the floodwaters, and some people reported that houses ended up smashed together.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[13]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Flood relief efforts included—in addition to sending trucks with food, water, and other supplies—sending workmen from the Works Progress Administration, National Guard, the Red Cross, and other civic organization.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> Workers were sent all over for flood relief. Damage amounts are reported differently in many sources, ranging from thirteen million dollars ($13,000,000) over six counties, to sixteen million dollars ($16,000,000) in one city, to one hundred million dollars ($100,000,000) overall.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[15]</span></span></span></a> There is not one source that gives an overall estimate of damages that is confirmed in another source or proven by or within that source alone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Even with thousands of relief workers in the field, it was often difficult to keep public morale up with loss of homes, damages, and disease that all resulted from the flood. Streets were covered with debris and silt, homes were completely destroyed, and levees were broken—people were pessimistic.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[16]</span></span></span></a> Works Progress Administration members were highly praised for their efforts with the flood rehabilitation around throughout the state.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The amount of federal money ranged from the lower tens of thousands into the millions for different locations in the state. This flood was said to the worst Indiana had seen in nearly a quarter of a century, since the flood of 1913.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[17]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u><br /></u></b><b><u>Politics and Life Around the Ohio<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Some people tended to see a divine hand in such disasters and would preach about it, saying that the consumption of whiskey was the sin of man that brought the wrath of God upon them.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[18]</span></span></span></a> Whether people believed it was the result of an angry Deity, or just simply the fault of humans, perhaps that they did not take the right precautions, the theories as to the causation of the flood were widespread throughout the public, and questions about what the real cause of the excessive overflow were everywhere.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[19]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Those who settled around the Ohio did so for the transportation opportunities it supplied, and the potential it held for trade, agriculture, and even defense and other resources.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[20]</span></span></span></a> People blamed these settlers for part of the flood damage. This was because of their refusal to “adjust their lives to the river’s inexorable will,” because with each advancement before and by the river, there were greater risks being faced, more things to damage.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[21]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During this time in the political world, Franklin D. Roosevelt was president, and ready to enter his second term in office. Another possible channel of blame was on Congress’ shoulders: There was no comprehensive control plan for flooding, even though it had been talked about over many decades. It was argued that, even with a plan from a previous president in place, President Roosevelt would have had to persuade state governors to allow the federal government to infringe on states’ rights, get a very expensive bill through congress extremely quickly, and convince voters in areas that did not flood to pay for said bill.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[22]</span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Discussions about flood plans were all over, and many different types of people—engineers to journalists—were trying to get their voice heard and their plan considered.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[23]</span></span></span></a> One such plan was proposed by President Roosevelt. He wanted to create a part of the plan inspired by ability of the Tennessee Valley Authority’s, as well as the Miami Conservancy District’s to deal with flooding before, and proposed, with this plan, an Ohio Valley Authority which would have the power to construct and oversee building projects such as dams and reservoirs in and around the rivers.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[24]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Some people had little concern for how protection would be implemented, and cared only for keeping the river away from them—these people included governors, mayors, and levee board engineers. They would have appreciated federal government intervention with paying for flood damages, so issues of expenditures were also in question—and the federal government responded, in one case, with sending $20 million to people who were not eligible to receive Red Cross funds for relief, or Works Progress Administration relief. Some continuing questions included whether certain fund amounts were adequate and what exactly the government should cover.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[25]</span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">After initial flood relief, land-owning victims began pushing relief workers away from their land so they could begin replanting the land.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[26]</span></span></span></a> As the debates over flood relief plans and programs continued throughout Washington, people worked to clean up and reconstruct their towns, and as they did, they questioned whether they would go back to their old ways, or whether the flood created something new.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[27]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u><br /></u></b><b><u>Who was Affected?<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Over thirty counties in Indiana were affected by the flooding of the Ohio River, and the river rose to nearly fifty-four feet—nineteen feet above flood stage.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[28]</span></span></span></a> Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio were among the states which faced the most damages as a result of the flood. Other states along the Ohio River were also affected: such states include West Virginia and Arkansas. In total, about one and a half million people over twelve states were affected by the flooding.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[29]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In Indiana, the big cities that received major damages and, therefore, much media coverage were cities such as Evansville, New Albany, and Jeffersonville. The city that received much coverage that will be focused on for the purpose and length of this essay, was New Albany.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u><br /></u></b><b><u>New Albany, Indiana<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">New Albany came into being as a town in the early 1800s as part of Floyd County.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[30]</span></span></span></a> The Ohio River had a huge influence on establishing the city as one of the largest cities in the Midwest after New Albany officially became a city in 1839. Because of its placement along the river, the businesses that started out well and as important businesses were those of riverboat building and glass manufacturing: Some of the most luxurious riverboats were built in New Albany.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[31]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">During the flooding of the Ohio, New Albany, as mentioned before, was one of the most covered cities because of its importance and size. It was in this city that damages were estimated at around ten million dollars, flood rehabilitation costs were estimated at seventy thousand dollars, and by the end of January, all New Albany citizens were urged to leave the city.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[32]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Other accomplishments of this city include Indiana’s first high school, New Albany high school, established in 1853, railroads in 1847, Floyd County Fairground, dedicated in 1858—it held the Indiana State Fair a year later—and held one of the first seven National Cemeteries in the United States established by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[33]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Today, New Albany’s main businesses include manufacturing of refrigerated dough products, plaques and awards, plastic materials, millworks, leather tanning and finishing, and many more. Notable people from New Albany a numerous and include people such as Michael Kerr, speaker of the United States House of Representatives after the Civil War, and Sherman Minton, a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[34]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u><br /></u></b><b><u>Clean Up Efforts: The American Red Cross<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By the time the floodwaters began receding, there was a lot of destruction to be seen. The flood caused millions of dollars in relief efforts, and even more in damages.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[35]</span></span></span></a> Relief efforts were carried out by programs such as the Red Cross and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). For the purpose of this essay, the program of focus will be the Red Cross.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The chairman of the American Red Cross at this time was Rear Admiral Cary T. Grayson who was the chairman from March of 1935 to February of 1938.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[36]</span></span></span></a> The Red Cross reported that the sixty-five billion gallons of water from the flood affected over twelve thousand square miles, twelve states, and one and a half million people, over one million sixty-two thousand of which were rescued and taken care of by the Red Cross relief stations and workers<span style="background-color: white; color: black;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[37]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The American Red Cross has a commitment to preparedness that includes the statement that they will keep communication open at all times, day and night, and will always get to a situation as fast as possible by any means—plane, boat, car, train, whatever it took to get there. Workers were sent out for various tasks including assisting health departments in the distributing of typhoid fever vaccinations, issuing food orders, providing shelter, helping with evacuation, and any other tasks in operating the relief stations that they were needed for in the locations where they were sent.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[38]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Coordination between the governmental agencies such as the WPA and the Red Cross was very important. Throughout the period of the flood, the Red Cross and the White House were in contact with each other constantly in order to make sure everyone was being taken care of how they needed to be; In other words, how the relief programs were progressing.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[39]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Also important was the organization of Red Cross Chapters, General Headquarters located in Washington, D.C., and relief stations. This was because, as the Red Cross reported, the magnitude of the flood in any of the states of Ohio, Indiana, or Kentucky would have been considered a “national calamity” in itself, so the magnitude of the flood in whole was cause for amazement. The size of this flood disaster—and consequently, the size of the needed relief—caused the usual procedural organization of the Red Cross had to be sidelined, in a sense, as boundaries of authority had to be stretched, less direct supervision was possible, and the number of regions covered changed, as well as the boundaries of said regions<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[40]</span></span></a></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">When it came to actually bring the people relief, there were always complication as well as favorable factors that either hindered or aided in relief dispersion. Complicating factors included things such as convincing people that evacuation was needed, fires, keeping public morale up, and overall keeping the hysteria down. Favorable factors, which, in this particular case were more prominent than unfavorable ones, included quick action and reaction by Red Cross Chapters, cooperation from government and private groups, a spirit of helpfulness—in the form of numerous volunteers—and the efforts of the rescue, medical, and nursing staff to keep casualty numbers at an unexpectedly low number.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[41]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Returning to a normal way of life was complicated as over forty thousand homes, three thousand barns, and nearly fourteen thousand other buildings were damaged in total in some way, and many families needed rehabilitation aid. They dealt with “old problems” such as lack of uniformity in types of damages to property, a larger number of people inhabiting the affected areas, and heavy deposits of sand all around; and they dealt with “new problems” including old buildings in the path of the flood waters that had stood forever collapsing unexpectedly, an unusual depth of water causing unusually heavy amounts of damages, and having to train many new case workers.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[42]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 32px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Red Cross expenditures for the 1937 Ohio River flood neared twenty-five million dollars split between categories of building and repair, household goods, agricultural rehabilitation, general family care and assistance, food and clothing, and rescue, shelter, and transportation, and more.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[43]</span></span></a></span></span></div>
<div>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[1]</span></span></span></a></span> “Ohio River Flood of 1937,” last modified February 10, 2014, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> </span>“Ohio River Flood of 1937,” Wikipedia.<span style="background-color: white;"><i><br /><o:p></o:p></i></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> </span>“Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers,” Chicago Daily Tribune, January 26, 1937.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers.”</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers.”</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers.”</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> “Ohio River Flood of 1937,” <i>The Lilly Libraries</i>, <span style="color: black;">http://www.indiana.edu/~liblilly/wpa/flood.html.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers.”</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> “Ohio River flood of 1937,” <i>Wikipedia.</i></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers.”</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[12]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> “Indiana’s Flood Crest Descends on Evansville,” <i>Chicago Daily Tribune,</i> 1937.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[15]</span></span></span></a> “Ohio River Flood of 1937,” <i>The Lilly Libraries,</i> and “Indiana’s Flood Crest Descends on Evansville.”</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[16]</span></span></span></a> “Ohio River Flood of 1937,” <i>The Lilly Libraries<br /><o:p></o:p></i></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[17]</span></span></span></a> “Flood Waters Sweep Indiana; Damage Heavy,” <i>The Associated Press,</i> 1937.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[18]</span></span></span></a> David Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood,</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2011), 225.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[19]</span></span></span></a> Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood,</i> 225-226.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[20]</span></span></span></a> Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood</i>, 226.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[21]</span></span></span></a> Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood</i>, 227.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[22]</span></span></span></a> Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood,</i> 227.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[23]</span></span></span></a> Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood</i>, 228.</span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[24]</span></span></span></a> Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood</i>, 232.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[25]</span></span></span></a> Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood</i>, 238, 239, 241-242.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[26]</span></span></span></a> Welky, <i>The Thousand-Year Flood,</i> 243.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[27]</span></span></span></a> </span>Ibid, 248.<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[28]</span></span></span></a> </span>“Ohio River flood of 1937,” Wikipedia.<span style="background-color: white;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[29]</span></span></span></a></span> American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937: Report of Relief Operations of The American Red Cross Washington, D.C., 1938.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[30]</span></span></span></a> </span>Historic New Albany, “New York brothers settle New Albany, Indiana.” Last modified February 1995. http://www.historicnewalbany.com/default.asp?q_areaprimaryid=4.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[31]</span></span></span></a> </span>“New York brothers settle New Albany, Indiana.”<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[32]</span></span></span></a> </span>"Indiana's Flood Crest Descends on Evansville,” and “Ohio River Flood of 1937,” The Lilly Libraries.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><i><br /></i></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[33]</span></span></span></a> </span>“New York brothers settle New Albany, Indiana.”<span style="background-color: white;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[34]</span></span></span></a> </span>“New York brothers settle New Albany, Indiana.”<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[35]</span></span></span></a> </span>"Indiana Leaves 33 Counties to Whims of Flood: Whole Cities Evacuated by Soldiers.”<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[36]</span></span></span></a> </span>American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937: Report of Relief Operations of The American Red Cross Washington, D.C., 1938, 2.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[37]</span></span></span></a> </span>American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937, inside front cover.<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[38]</span></span></span></a> </span>American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937, 52-54.<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[39]</span></span></span></a> </span>American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937, 54.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[40]</span></span></span></a> </span>American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937, 59-60.<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[41]</span></span></span></a> </span>American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937, 79-80.<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[42]</span></span></span></a> </span>American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937, 141-145.<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px;">[43]</span></span></span></a> </span>American National Red Cross et al., The Ohio-Mississippi River Valley Flood Disaster of 1937, 193.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-24045082843347155432014-05-08T20:54:00.002-07:002014-05-09T07:35:19.623-07:00Trapped in a Burning Tomb: Carmel, Indiana, 1890<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By Bo Logan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">January 27, 1890. This date has a lot of sorrow, and a lot of pain. This day goes down as a tragic day, not only for the people affected in the incident, but also as a sad day in Indiana state history. On this day, the No. 1 passenger train, headed from Chicago towards Indianapolis, on the Monon, suddenly derailed and hurdled down to the fiery wreckage that was its final resting place. On the train were women and children, all included in the eighty-five passenger total. Of the eighty-five persons, thirty-two were killed or injured in the disaster.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Although train accidents were a more common thing during this time period than they are now, even this incident was reported as different. The Indianapolis News reported that “This horror is worse than the Broad Ripple bridge disaster six years ago.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> This goes to show the importance of the disaster and destruction this train wreck caused. It was lucky that only six deaths came from this accident, considering many more passengers were involved, it still held strong to the local community as a disaster, and required change and justice for those who suffered through the incident.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Even though the train wreck was a local affair, it sure did gather National Attention. Newspapers like <i>Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, <i>The Washington Post</i>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i> and <i>New York Times</i>, with titles like “Six Were Burned Alive”, “Hurled Down to Death”, “Railway Disaster” and “Victims of the Car Stove”, respectively, reported on this tragedy. This alone shows the great amount national attention this brought. It is also important to note how much pages space this had. These were not small spreads. In most cases, each article ran for several paragraph, including what happened, the victims, and some sort of cause for the accident.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> The national coverage of the train disaster showed the degree of importance of the accident.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another important thing to note is claiming of responsibility, or lack thereof. Nobody, at first, knew what had happened or who was responsible for the accident. The “Chicago Daily Tribune” reported that the train was “approaching the Village of Carmel when the jarring of the cars made the passengers aware that a part of the train was off the track. A rail had spread under the locomotive, or an axle had broken, the trainmen are not sure which...”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[4]</span></span></span></a>This meant that they knew there was a disaster, but they just didn’t know what caused it. There were, however, several eyewitnesses who were willing say a thing or two about the condition of the track.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">According to the eyewitnesses, the wood for the ties were rotten, and a spreading of the rails were the causes of the crash, but the railroad company was refusing to take the blame. The mystery of the reason for the accident caused some real discomfort of for the citizens on the local community of Carmel. This could have been due to one reason in particular. “The Coroner has been handsomely treated by the railroad people…some of the citizen of Carmel were disposed to think that he would be influenced in favor of the railroad company.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> This sentence says two things. The first being that clearly the railroad company didn’t want blame for the incident. They were getting in close with the Coroner, or lead investigator of the accident, and they were thinking that maybe if they were good to him, he would be good in return. Second, it shows that there were some concerns that the railway people were actually getting through to the Coroner. This could show the corruptness and power the wealthy had during this time period. Because it was on peoples mind that the railroad people could potentially be bribing the investigator, is a good indicator that this kind of thing happened, and happened often. The concerns for corruption were soon put to rest when the Coroner released a statement saying, “In the end it will be seen that I am not working for the railroad company.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> The people of Carmel had no idea how right he would be.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">As mentioned earlier, there were eyewitnesses who saw a spreading of the tracks, and rotting wood, which lead to the accident. There was several testimony to prove just that. “This gentleman had summoned a large number of witnesses who were either witness of the wreck or had immediately after the wreck occurred.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> “M. Quick went before the Coroner to tell him that the track in his opinion was in bad condition.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> This gathering of witnesses proved to be effective. Testimony, like that of M. Quick, helped make the case against the railroad. “The testimony of numerous witnesses shows that the Company had been criminally careless in permitting the road at the point where the accident occurred to become unsafe.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> So the blame was now placed on the railroad company. The Coroner was “fully satisfied” with the findings of the spreading rails and decaying wood.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> It was almost a small victory for community, as it seemed they were at odds against the railway company. The railway company was fined and had to fix the track.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[11]</span></span></span></a>I could not find if weather or not the families were compensated for the deaths of the victims.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">So, we know that the accident was caused by spreading tracks, and rotten wood, but how severe was the problem? Why was Railroad Company so adamant about the accident not being their fault? The severity of the negligence may explain. There was evidence brought forth that the railroad knew weeks prior to the accident that the curve and bridge was bad. The <i>Indianapolis News </i>reported that D.W. Roberts overheard the section foreman talking and saying “we have a curve just as bad as the Nora curve right here and there is going to be a wreck sometime that will take out the bridge.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[12]</span></span></span></a> The railroad company denied these claims, but they were making repairs on the track the Saturday before the accident, so it is clear that the company knew, but they were just too slow with the repairs. L.H. Stanley, a local to the area also testified against the railroad company. He admitted to walking the area of the accident before the wreck and noticing rotten and rotting timbers of the bridge.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[13]</span></span></span></a> This clear lack of maintenance to their track would certainly cause some negative light to be directed right on them, so that could be reason enough to deny blame of the tragic accident.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Whatever the cause, we know that they tried to persuade investigators towards the opposite. Also reported in the News was testimony from the foreman saying the bridge was in excellent condition.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> The shifting of blame show the severity of the problem. I believe it shows the embarrassment of the Railroad Company, and irresponsibility of not taking responsibility for the actions or lack thereof by the company.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The victims of the incident were men, women, as well as children. The first car to go was the ladies coach, and when it derailed it crashed into the ground first. This trapped most of the occupants inside the car and they were burned to death. Titles of articles such as “Victims of the Car Stove” share the gruesome details of the accident in five short words.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[15]</span></span></span></a> In the New York Time article, it explains how the ladies coach entrapped its victims, and although the survivors in the other cars tried to help save the people in the car, they could not save them all. Included in that was D.S. Oldham and her twin boys, of Sheridan, Indiana.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[16]</span></span></span></a> Other bodies were found. Mostly they were women, and some were unidentified.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[17]</span></span></span></a> The fact that the tragedy happened to primarily women and children could explain the outcry for justice by the surrounding community of Carmel to bring those responsible to justice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One interesting occurrence that was found during research was an incident that happened more than two years after the accident, at the same location. A local man was out near the scene of the accident one night, when he reportedly heard a train. Startled, he panicked when he proceeded to watch the train disappear, but he heard the sounds of a train wreck and afterwards claimed to see two ghostly figures rise out of the ground. ”I never believe in ghost. But there were two right before my eyes.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[18]</span></span></span></a> That quote was directly from the witness of the incident. It shows the that even long after the accident, even if the ghost visions really didn’t happen, the impact of accident had a lasting effect on the community. Also, within the same article, it is revealed that even after the accident and repairs to the track, there continued to be accidents on that spot. “Since the horrible wreck of January no less than three accidents have occurred on this spot.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[19]</span></span></span></a> This also shows that not much permanent change came from the original accident. It also proves that train accidents were a much more common thing back then, than today currently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In conclusion, the train accident of January 27, 1890 was a sad and very tragic day in Indiana History. The wreck was tragic in more than one way. First was the loss of life. The sadness brought on from the women and children primarily victimized brought a rise from the community. The lack of responsibility claimed by those responsible was another tragic part of the story. The unsettling concern brought over the community just added to the nightmare of the incident. Although not much change came from the incident, justice was at least given to the local community as well as the victims and families of the victims. The Railroad was held responsible, and had to repair the broken track. The accident shows that a local train accident can cause a lot of national attention, and it can affect the lives of many, not just those directly involved.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
<div id="ftn1">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[1]</span></span></span></a> "Six Were Burned Alive: terrible wreck of a passenger train on the Monon." <em>Chicago Daily Tribune</em>, January 28, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24px; margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[2]</span></span></span></a> "In Death's Flames." <i>The Indianapolis News</i>, January 27, 1890.<span style="line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3">
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 24px;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 15.693333625793457px;">[3]</span></span></span></a> <i>Chicago Daily Tribune, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, Washington Post</i><span style="line-height: 20px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4">
<div class="MsoFootnoteTextCxSpFirst">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[4]</span></span></span></a> "Six Were Burned Alive: terrible wreck of a passenger train on the Monon." <em>Chicago Daily Tribune</em>, January 28, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[5]</span></span></span></a> "What Made the Wreck?" <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 30, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[6]</span></span></span></a> "What Made the Wreck?" <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 30, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[7]</span></span></span></a> "What Made the Wreck?" <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 30, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[8]</span></span></span></a> "What Made the Wreck?" <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 30, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[9]</span></span></span></a> "The Railroad to Blame." <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 31, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[10]</span></span></span></a> "The Railroad to Blame." <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 31, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[11]</span></span></span></a> "The Railroad to Blame." <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 31, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[12]</span></span></span></a> "The Railroad to Blame." <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 31, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[13]</span></span></span></a> "The Railroad to Blame." <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 31, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[14]</span></span></span></a> "The Railroad to Blame." <em>The Indianapolis News</em>, January 31, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[15]</span></span></span></a> "Victims of the Car Stove: Six persons killed in a railroad wreck." <em>New York Times</em>, January 28, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[16]</span></span></span></a> "Victims of the Car Stove: Six persons killed in a railroad wreck." <em>New York Times</em>, January 28, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[17]</span></span></span></a> "Victims of the Car Stove: Six persons killed in a railroad wreck." <em>New York Times</em>, January 28, 1890.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[18]</span></span></span></a> "Two Midnight Ghost." <em>The Indiana State Sentinel</em>, March 30, 1892.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 14.266666412353516px;">[19]</span></span></span></a> "Two Midnight Ghost." <em>The Indiana State Sentinel</em>, March 30, 1892.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-61164815862872611352014-05-08T20:51:00.004-07:002014-05-09T07:26:33.436-07:00The Indianapolis Fire of 1905<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><b><i>By H. J. W.</i></b> </o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;">In 1905, Indianapolis, Indiana was a
booming place to be. Indianapolis was the state capital, and the largest and
busiest city in Indiana. National Road 40 ran straight through Indianapolis and
to the rest of the country. 1905 was before both World Wars took place and
after Indiana had already been admitted as a state for nearly one hundred
years. The railroad was still considered a vital form of transportation
throughout the country. It was essential to industry because it was the main
form of moving things from place to place, and I could be done in bulk. Seeing
as the airplane was only invented in 1903 and still had major glitches to be
solved before it was considered safe and able to fly numerous passengers and
heavy cargo, the railroad was the most reliable form of transportation for
goods and people. Union Station had one of the largest railroad networks in the
country and helped Indianapolis blossom into a booming city. It was right near
the Wholesale District, which made it super convenient for consumers commuting
to the city to purchase different goods!</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;"> The automobile industry was a major
factor in the development of towns all over the state of Indiana, with
Indianapolis leading the way right at the center. Local inventor Charles H.
Black built the first internal combustion gasoline engine automobile in 1891,
but it later turned out to be impractical due to major technical issues. Other
surrounding towns based their economy upon the car manufacturing industry and
depended on it to thrive and survive.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">The Wholesale District of
Indianapolis was and still is located on the south side of downtown. It was
filled with an abundance of shops of all sorts, hotels, textile factories, and
more! The Wholesale District played a crucial part in transforming Indianapolis
into the city it is today and giving it its reputation as the “big tourist
city” of Indiana. It was the main city for all of the surrounding towns in
Indiana. Indiana does not have many large cities. The majority of counties was
and still is filled with small farming communities that do not possess all of
the resources that large cities do. Before the Wholesale District was
transformed at the turn of the twentieth century, it was actually extremely run
down. The city had not put much effort in to it, but after they realized how
successful Union Station was becoming with the train transportation boom, the
city felt that it was necessary to create something that would attract
consumers and help boost the local economy. They needed something to pull
customers in to Indianapolis and to keep them coming back for further business
and growth. The Wholesale District provided goods, services, and industries
that were needed in Indiana, and if the Wholesale District was never created,
people would have had to go out of state to get many essential things.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">The Indianapolis Fire broke out on
February 19, 1905 in the Wholesale District of downtown Indianapolis. To this
day, it is still unknown how the fire started. It originated at the Fahnley
& McCrea wholesale millinery, which specialized in women’s hats. The fire
was first spotted a while after it originally began, by a watchman who spotted
flames coming from the second and third floors of the millinery<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
The alarm was sounded shortly afterwards, but the fire had already spread a
great deal. Every fire truck within the city of Indianapolis and throughout the
suburbs was called to action and made an effort to fight the fire. From the
time the blaze originated to the time it was all under control was a four hour
long period!</span><span style="line-height: 200%;"> At one point in time, the fire jumped
buildings! A couple of buildings had just newly caught in fire, and luckily the
fire departments caught it in time to put the flames out and prevent the fire
from causing any more destruction, injuries, or costs. </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Luckily no deaths
were ever reported, but one firefighter was injured due to the collapse of
several walls. At the end of the overwhelming blaze, eight buildings were
completely destroyed, three of which were hotels. The hotels in the Wholesale
District were generally created right next to each other, which explained the
rapid spreading and destruction of so many hotels during the fire.<br /> <o:p></o:p></span><span style="line-height: 200%;">$1,500,000 worth of damage was
caused to the whole sale district after the blaze concluded. Hundreds of
thousands of dollars in stocks were lost by several large businesses, including
the Saint Charles Hotel, the Grand Hotel, and the Kiefer Drug Company building.
$1 in 1905 in the United States is equal to $25.42 in 2014<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Therefore, if the fire took place in the present day, the amount of damage it
would cause would equal $38,130,000!</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">The fire was a statewide disaster.
It not only affected the city and its well-being, but it impacted the whole
state of Indiana a great deal! Numerous towns in Indiana were still being
developed, and some had not even been founded yet! Without the Wholesale
District to provide goods to consumers, they had to travel elsewhere to
retrieve them. They had to go out of their way and travel much further to
places, such as Cincinnati, Chicago, and Louisville. In this sense, it did not
spread as a national disaster because the other surrounding states had their own
flourishing cities to depend on for goods. So instead, the surrounding states
were gathering more business and benefitting economically because of the
disaster in Indianapolis.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Businesses, such as numerous hotels
and train companies, were greatly impacted after the fire. Since the Wholesale
District had been destroyed, people did not have a need to take the train to Indianapolis
or stay in a hotel. So it impacted the tourist industry. However, it only
impacted customers who were financially able to get up to Indianapolis in the
first place, whether it was by car or train. Automobiles were a luxury to many families
in the early nineteenth century.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">People who were employed at the
shops, hotels, and factories lost their jobs, which in return negatively impacted
the economy even more! The ages of the working class varied from teenager to
elderly. College educations were not very common in the early 1900’s. People
relied on retail jobs and other jobs that did not require a college education,
and sometimes not even a high school education, in order to successfully succeed.
Races were not directly discriminated against because Indiana was considered a
“northern” state. Although, slavery had ended several years before, certain
states still upheld segregation and the discrimination of blacks and other
races that were not white. Some states would not allow blacks to get jobs at
certain places, but it was illegal for Indiana to do so. The working, lower
class suffered for a time period due to the fire. There were over 300 wholesale
and jobbing businesses by the 1890’s<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
and without them, people were not profiting and had no money to spend. So
stores who were not directly impacted by the fire were still indirectly
impacted by the loss of business. All around, the economy was sinking in
Indianapolis, while the economy in surrounding larger cities, such as
Louisville, Chicago, and Cincinnati was booming because they received business
from the customers that had previously gone to Indianapolis to do their
shopping.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">The fire did not let some of the
business owners destroy the success they had just built</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">. The Fahnley & McCrea Millinery Company, where the fire
originated, later rebuilt a five-story building in the exact same location.
However, to this day they are still known best for their building being the
origin of the fire that destroyed a great deal of the Wholesale District.<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Although the fire destroyed numerous
buildings in the district, the buildings that do remain stand for a symbol of
something. To the city, they represent architectural design and the premiere of
commercial architecture from the nineteenth century all of the way into the
twentieth century and the evolution of the wholesale house. Without that
history, Indianapolis would not be the type of city it is to date. The
architectural history attracts people and is attention-grabbing. The
Indianapolis Wholesale District had continued success after the fire because
they immediately rebuilt some of the buildings that were destroyed, and owners
worked hard to keep the positive image of the Wholesale District alive!</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">When the wholesale district was
being built, </span><span style="line-height: 200%;">businesses took precautions by including
external fire escapes and water towers that fire fighters could use in case of
a fire. Small fires often broke out before the initial large fire due to the
way the buildings were built and poor safety precautions. The fire escapes and
water towers were useful and ultimately led to the saving of numerous lives and
prevention of more damage during the huge fire in 1905. These were kept in
place and rebuilt onto new buildings to ensure safety was the number one
priority.<br /><o:p></o:p></span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Due
to the fact the fire took place in a business section of the city, no schools,
government buildings, or hospitals were affected. Therefore, the Red Cross,
National Guard, or no other government funded relief programs were put in
effect. The buildings that caught on fire were insured by the businesses
themselves, and well-known insurance men assessed the damage of each of the
buildings. Insurance covered the cost for companies who chose to rebuild, such
as the Fahnley & McCrea Millinery Company.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">No
one took responsibility for the fire. It is a mystery to this day as to how it
originated. It has been blamed on poor pipes, unsealed roofs, poor electric,
but not one single cause has been pinpointed. There is no culprit in the fire
because it is not believed to have come from human origin and was
unintentional. At such an economic boom in the city, no one was thought of to
have wanted to intentionally put the city’s economic success and well-being in
jeopardy.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">The
Wholesale District definitely rebuilt! The city did not want it to once again
be run down like it was in the nineteenth century. They had put in a lot of
hard work to help encourage businesses to prosper in Indianapolis, and they
wanted to rebuild and make it even more attractive to visitors and residents of
the city. It is obvious the city came together to ensure this part of downtown
would continue to prosper for future centuries. Union Station is still used for
Amtrak, but it was mainly turned into a festival marketplace later in the
twentieth century. The city continued to add numerous attractions, which helps
revenue a great deal. It is now the home of Lucas Oil Stadium, where the Colts
play and Bankers Life Fieldhouse, where the Pacers play! More than $686 million
has been invested in the district in the last twenty years to help it live up
to its full potential. It is now considered a premiere arts and entertainment
district and includes brand new restaurants and new additions to Circle Centre,
an upscale mall.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Although
the fire was significant in the city’s history, it did not affect the city’s
ability to bounce back and create something even greater. It is not significant
nowadays because the city is no longer impacted by it. Everyone worked together
to ensure the fire was not a disabler in the growth of the city.</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">Bibliography</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Beitler,
Stu. GenDisasters, "Indianapolis, IN Wholesale District Fire, Feb
1905." Last modified January 17, 2009. Accessed March 1, 2014.
http://www3.gendisasters.com/indiana/11023/indianapolis-in-wholesale-district-fire-feb-1905.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">CampBell, Steve. Historic
Indianapolis, "What's In a Name: McCrea Street." Last modified
December 16, 2013. Accessed March 3, 2014. http://historicindianapolis.com/whats-in-a-name-mccrea-street/.</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">Manuel, Dave. Dave Manuel,
"Inflation Calculator." Last modified 2014. Accessed March 1, 2014. </span><a href="http://www.davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php"><span style="line-height: 150%;">http://www.davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php</span></a><span style="line-height: 150%;">.<br /> <o:p></o:p></span><span style="line-height: 150%;">n/a,
. "Indianapolis Fire." Last modified February 20, 2005. Accessed
March 1, 2014.
http://media.proquest.com/media/pq/hnp/doc/259751372/fmt/ai/rep/NONE?hl=fires,fire,fires,fire,indianapolis,indianapolis,1905,1905&cit:auth=&cit:title=INDIANAPOLIS
FIRE: $1,500,000 Damage in Wholesale District. THREE ...&cit:pub=The
Washington Post (1877-1922)</span><span style="line-height: 150%;">n/a, . Indianapolis Downtown
Inc., "Georgia Street History." Accessed March 1, 2014.
http://www.indydt.com/GeorgiaStreetHistory.cfm?printable=1.</span></span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> See “Indianapolis Fire” in
Washington Post from 1905 for further details.<br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>To figure out dollar <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">conversions,
go to http://www.davemanuel.com/inflation-calculator.php</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To find
out more about the history of the streets and buildings in the Wholesale
District, refer to http://www.indydt.com/GeorgiaStreetHistory.cfm?printable=1</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To get
more information on what the Wholesale district is exactly, refer to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale_District,_Indianapolis"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wholesale_District,_Indianapolis</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"> for basic
information.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-48561237949406828562014-05-08T20:50:00.001-07:002014-05-09T07:35:39.130-07:00The Purdue Train Wreck of 1903: A Look at How a Community Recovers<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By S. J.</span></i></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">Every once in a while
everything goes wrong for no apparent reason.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sometimes everything that can go wrong does.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>October 31<sup>st</sup>, 1903 was one of
those days were everything went the wrong way.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Purdue’s football team was 4-2 traveling by train to meet their largest
rival, Indiana University, in Indianapolis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As the train got close to 18<sup>th</sup> street it collided with a slow
moving coal train, killing 17 people in total, including 14 football players.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This disaster affected so many people and the
entire Purdue community, changing the structure of how these people and
communities functioned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even though the
community lost so much, Purdue University has made sure that the disaster will
be remembered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is now a event that
gives Purdue an identity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So much was
lost that day, but the community rebounded from the incident and became closer
and stronger because of it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
disaster had little affect at the national level, but was felt in the state of
Indiana.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The wreck is a main reason the
Indiana University and Purdue University rivalry is no longer violent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>17 people died that day, and the memory of
this incident lives on to this day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
accident changed the layout of the Indiana University and Purdue University
rivalry, the bond between Purdue Boilmaker fans, and the accident left
memorials behind for those who lost their lives.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As the sun rose on the 30<sup>th</sup> of October, the
city of West Lafayette was a buzz, excited for the match up against the Indiana
Hoosiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two teams were just
starting their rivalry as this was only their 11<sup>th</sup> meeting ever.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The city and school were looking foreword to
the weekend, as Lafayette draws so much of its identity from the school.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fans were getting ready to make the trek down
to Indianapolis and root their Boilmakers on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Purdue University had set up train rides so that 1,500 excited fans
could go watch the game.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rivalry was
incredibly intense, and everybody who was a fan wanted to see the Hoosiers,
lose.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The whole town was ready to try
and prove to their new instate rival that they were a better team.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lafayette, like many other smaller towns in the state of
Indiana, everyone was going about business as usual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the turn of the century, the country was
much more isolated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Local news was the
most important news, and the largest issues in this part of the state were not
of national concern.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The biggest news in
the area at the time prior to the train wreck was whether or not the teachers
were going to go on strike or not.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">3</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being so isolated, the town of Lafayette and
the surrounding cities were only focused on the local events. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Front-page news consisted of things such as
circuit courts opening, mortuary details, and the opening of new banks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People in Lafayette and those in the
surrounding cities lived a very quiet life style.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The closest large city was in Indianapolis,
and with car travel not popular getting to the city wasn’t the easiest task in
the world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Train travel was the most
efficient way from Lafayette to Indianapolis. With travel so much more
difficult, towns were much more secluded then they are in this day and age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This lead to a secluded lifestyle and a quiet
social life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lafayette and the
surrounding cities were much like the typical American small town, quiet and
not a whole lot to do.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were few if
any places to see a show, and there were limited places to go grab a
drink.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These people lived a slow paced
life and the things that happened to them rarely made national news.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Harry “Skillet” Leslie was a star fullback and team
captain, along with the rest of his teammates he rode in the first coach on the
way to the game.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leslie and the rest of
the team were focused on the task at hand, mentally preparing for their
upcoming rivalry game.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They had support
with them, 13 cars behind them full of Boilmaker faithful ready to cheer their
team to victory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was a festive feel
in the back cars, but in the front car it was all business, up until the train
reached 18<sup>th</sup> street in Indianapolis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Suddenly, at 40 miles an hour the train carrying the Purdue football
team slammed</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">into
a slow moving coal train.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">4</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first car of the train was destroyed, as
people from the cars that were farther back rushed to the first car to help
they were horrified at the</span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"> damage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People </span><span style="line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">acted
unselfishly and helped those injured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Players such as Walter Bailey refused help so that others could be
helped, Walter Bailey would later die at the hospital as complications from his
injuries lead to too much blood loss.<span class="MsoFootnoteReference">5</span> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As people were helping the dead, Harry Leslie
was found with ghastly wounds and pronounced dead on the scene, it wasn’t until
he was at the morgue that the staff found a very small pulse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Leslie would later go on to become the state
of Indiana’s governor, the only Purdue graduate to ever hold that office.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">6</span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He would walk with a limp for the rest of his
life, a reminder of the disaster.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
large reason more damage was averted came from people running as fast as they
could to alert the train behind with many more Purdue faithful to stop. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The horrid disaster was caused by the oldest
error in the books, human error.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A train
dispatcher did not inform the coal train of the two trains on the main line and
allowed the train to proceed along with its business. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had simply forgotten to pass along the
important message that the coal train was still on the line.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">7</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To this day this is considered the largest tragedy Purdue has ever had
in all of their years as an institution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The aftermath of the wreck left everyone involved sad and
unsure of what next.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Purdue football
team lost 14 members of their football team, as well as a trainer, assistant
coach, and fan. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">8</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first course of action was to attend to
the almost 50 wounded passengers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many
Indiana University students and fans helped in aiding the Purdue fans in
rescuing and taking care of the victims.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">9</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Purdue also canceled the rest of the football
season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was absolutely no way that
they could continue the season with so much physical and emotional damage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students were left weeping for their lost
classmates and roll models.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Players and
coaches had to take care of the injuries that they sustained; many would carry
these scars for the rest of their lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These survivors also had to deal with the loss of their teammates, best friends,
and brothers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many survivors stayed at
the site of the accident to help out in aiding the injured.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before this incident the Indiana University
and Purdue University rivalry was incredibly heated and often violent.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all of the help Indiana University
students and fans gave to the Purdue team and those injured the rivalry
mellowed out.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">10</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though still strong, it has never reached the
violent levels of the early 20<sup>th</sup> century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The community of Lafayette and the surrounding towns were
devastated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many had lost friends,
brothers, sons, and significant others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The people of this area also had to deal with the fact that their team
was unable to play for the rest of the season.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This was an incredible blow to all of the fans of Purdue University as
the football team was a powerhouse at the turn of the century.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">11</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Losing that much of their team Purdue fans were worried it may be a few
years before another team could be out on the field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This only added to their sorrow, the towns
created make shift memorials for the time being.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Winthrop E. Stone, the President of Purdue University
at the time knew that he didn’t have time to morn the losses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It hurt greatly and it would be tough to keep
going on but he knew that progressing with other agenda’s would help move this
behind the university and the surrounding area.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">12</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He and the rest of the school’s
administrative system knew this, and they tried to keep things business as
usual.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That is why he kept his plans to
help improve the university on track.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The community was not able to flip the switch as quickly as President
Stone was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>People in surrounding towns
and the students still struggled with the sorrow of losing so many campus
leaders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The loss would hurt for quite
some time, it helped bring the community together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It gave all fans common ground, everyone in
the community dealt with mourning together.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Shortly after the incident many people on campus knew
that those who lost their lives on that fateful day needed a memorial of some
sorts. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Purdue University decided to
dedicate Memorial Gymnasium to those who died in the wreck.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memorial Gymnasium was created to be the
headquarters of the men’s physical education department and of the athletics
department.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was used for these
purposes until it was converted into the computer science building in
1985.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memorial Gymnasium was completed
in 1909 and it cost 88,000 dollars to complete.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">13</span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Big Four railroad company donated
most of the money for this project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Big Four railroad company was responsible for the accident; the team was
traveling on this company’s railroad and a Big Four employee made the
mistake.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over a century later the
University donated a plaque to the fallen athletes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The entire entrance tunnel that the
Boilmakers use to enter the football stadium was dedicated to these former
football greats.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">14</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The University has never forgotten the horror
and the pain that this wreck caused the university and the people associated
with the university.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Monuments were not the only things to be left behind as
result of the accident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many changes
were made to how athletes traveled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Purdue University would never allow their athletes to travel by train,
using buses, cars, and airplanes instead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since changing this philosophy Purdue has never had another accident of
this.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Purdue now puts the safety of its
athletes over the speed of getting there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One area where change was not made was in safety standards of the
railways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One would expect an incident
of this magnitude to lead to a slew of changes regarding safety of train
passengers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Train wrecks continued to be
a problem in the world as close to 25 accidents happened in the next six years
alone.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">15</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The state of Indiana did nothing to the railroad industry in regards to
improving safety.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the cities
surrounding West Lafayette have dedicated memorials to remember the disaster,
no safety changes were made to help protect the passengers who used the
railways.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As the sting from the accident began to wear off people
began to wonder what was next for the football team.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The team had lost 14 members and countless
others still had injuries to deal with.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>People thought it might take almost two seasons before a team could be
put on the field again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was even
speculation that Purdue may never have a football team again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Purdue University would not allow that to
happen and had a team on the field next fall; even more surprising was how
successful the team was.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">16</span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The team went a stunning 9-3, including wins
over both of their instate rivals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
the game against the Indiana Hoosiers, on a neutral field in Indianapolis, the
Boilmakers won 27-0.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They also defeated
traditional powerhouse Notre Dame 36-0, capping a very successful season for
the Boilmakers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These successful teams
helped the fans of Purdue to feel good about the state of the university again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fans felt a sense of pride and resilience in
their community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Purdue University has had a storied history, with many highs;
those highs come with lows as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
train wreck, which took 17 lives, is the largest low in Purdue history.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The towns of Lafayette and other surrounding
towns were shaken structurally as they had lost loved ones, people they looked
up too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Monuments have been erected on
Purdue’s campus to remember those who lost their lives.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This incident also changed the rivalry with
Indiana University, all though the rivalry is still strong to this day it no
longer contains a fear of violence that was felt before this incident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The lose of life changed many things, but
members of government failed to realize that change was needed in regards to
railway travel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The state of Indiana and
the government federally made no changes to safety codes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Train wrecks would continue to plague the
nation for years to come.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Purdue
train wreck was a low point for Lafayette and the Purdue community.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sorrow was felt afterwards and the University
became more adverse to safety when traveling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The community lost members of their team, but the loss only strengthened
the bond felt by the entire Purdue community. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<u><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beitler, Stu.
"Indianapolis, IN Purdue University Football Team in Train Wreck, Oct
1903."<i>GenDisasters</i>. no. 15 (2007): http://www3.gendisasters.com/indiana/2900/indianapolis,-purdue-university-football-team-train-wreck,-nov-1903
(accessed February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Heroes in the Face of
Death." <i>The Logansport Journal</i>, Morning edition, sec. Front
Page, November 1, 1903. http://access.newspaperarchive.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/logansport-journal/1903-11-01?tag=train&rtserp=tags/?ndt=e&xpd=1&py=1903&pm=11&plo=train&psb=relavance
(accessed February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karpick, Alan. "A Look
Back, Why Purdue Wears Black." <i>Rivals</i>. :http://purdue.rivals.com/barrier_noentry.asp?sid=892&script=/content.asp&cid=1008713
(accessed February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Miller, Travis.
"Remembering The Purdue Train Wreck of 1903 ." <i>SB Nation</i>.
(2012): 1. http://www.hammerandrails.com/2012/10/31/3581744/remembering-the-prudue-wreck-of-1903
(A February 14, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Purdue Dedicates Ross-Ade
Tunnel To Victims, Survivors Of Train Wreck." <i>Purdue Sports</i>. :
1. http://www.purduesports.com/trads/pur-wreck.html (A. February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Purdue Train Wreck of
1903." <i>Purdue Wreck</i>.
http://purduewreck.weebly.com/background.html (accessed February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Railways Archive,
"Accidents." Last modified 2014. Accessed February 26, 2014.
http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/eventsummary.php?eventID=563.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Teachers Wage
War." <i>Carroll County Citizen-Times</i>, Morning edition, sec.
Front Page, October 17, 1903.
http://access.newspaperarchive.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/delphi-carroll-county-citizen-times/1903-10-17?tag=life&rtserp=tags/?pc=7261&psi=38&pci=7&ndt=e&xpy=1903&pm=10&plo=life&psb=relavance
(accessed February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipping, Robert. <i>A
Century and Beyond: The History of Purdue University</i>. West Lafayette:
Purdue University Press, 1988.
http://books.google.com/books?id=EHmfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=purdue
train wreck 1903 aftermath&source=bl&ots=IKCHVqD5Ei&sig=2W3OT4brqrYg_wQuO_uKaDFfv1U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rSAJU-ezCtTyyAHOw4H4Dg&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCg</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">1</span> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Miller, Travis, "Remembering The Purdue Train Wreck of
1903 ," <i>SB Nation</i> (2012): 1,
http://www.hammerandrails.com/2012/10/31/3581744/remembering-the-prudue-wreck-of-1903
(accessed February 14, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">2 Ibid</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">3</span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">"Teachers Wage War." <i>Carroll County
Citizen-Times</i>, Morning edition, sec. Front Page, October 17, 1903.
http://access.newspaperarchive.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu/delphi-carroll-county-citizen-times/1903-10-17?tag=life&rtserp=tags/?pc=7261&psi=38&pci=7&ndt=e&xpy=1903&pm=10&plo=life&psb=relavance
(accessed February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">4</span></a> “<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Purdue Dedicates Ross-Ade
Tunnel To Victims, Survivors Of Train Wreck” pg. 1</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">5</span></a> (Miller 2012) pg. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">6</span> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">"Purdue Train Wreck of
1903," <i>Purdue Wreck</i>: 1-3,
http://purduewreck.weebly.com/background.html (accessed February 22, 2014)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">7</span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Ibid</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">8</span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Stu Beitler, "Indianapolis, IN Purdue
University Football Team in Train Wreck, Oct 1903," <i>GenDisasters</i>,
November, no. 15 (2007): 1-2,
http://www3.gendisasters.com/indiana/2900/indianapolis,-purdue-university-football-team-train-wreck,-nov-1903
(accessed February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">9</span></a> “Purdue Train Wreck of
1903” pg. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">10</span></a> Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">11</span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Alan Karpick, "A Look
Back, Why Purdue Wears Black," <i>Rivals</i>: 1,
http://purdue.rivals.com/barrier_noentry.asp?sid=892&script=/content.asp&cid=1008713
(accessed February 22, 2014).</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">12</span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Robert Tipping, <i>A
Century and Beyond: The History of Purdue University</i>, (West Lafayette:
Purdue University Press,
1988)http://books.google.com/books?id=EHmfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=purdue
train wreck 1903 aftermath&source=bl&ots=IKCHVqD5Ei&sig=2W3OT4brqrYg_wQuO_uKaDFfv1U&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rSAJU-ezCtTyyAHOw4H4Dg&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCg</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">13</span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">(Tipping 1988)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">14</span></a> (Miller 2012)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">15</span></a> <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">("Accidents" 2014)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">16</span></a> (Tipping 1988)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-44736095109461334892014-05-08T20:48:00.000-07:002014-05-09T13:32:22.048-07:00The Pandemic from 1918-1919: The Spanish Flu<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<o:p><b><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">By E. G.</span></i></b></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Influenza, the flu, is a contagious virus
that usually occurs through around January and February. Every year people get
sick with the flu, but not every year does a flu pandemic occur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several factors cause a pandemic to be a lot
more catastrophic than a normal flu season. The biggest factor is the form of
the actual virus. Often, it is a new strand, which means people have very
little built up immunity to this new form of the virus. This makes it very
challenging to fight off, and it also allows for a large number of deaths,
especially because doctors are not prepared to fight it in these situations.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[1]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This was especially the case in the pandemic of what is called the Spanish flu
from 1918 to 1919.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One of affected places by this pandemic
was Ft. Wayne, Indiana. Ft. Wayne is located at the northeast part of the
state, and at the time it was the second largest city in Indiana with a
population of 86,549, but this was not even close to the population of the much
bigger city in Indiana, which was Indianapolis with 314,194 people at the time.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[2]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Ft. Wayne had a specific culture in the time of the pandemic, which made it
unique to elsewhere. In 1917, a man by the name of W. Sherman Cutshall was
elected mayor.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[3]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
He won by a landslide against Maurice Niezer, but this massive victory was not
surprising in any way. Cutshall was a republican, and so was every other
candidate that won in this local election, except for one council seat.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[4]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Part of the likely reason for the
Republican Party affiliation could relate to the religiosity in the city. Ft.
Wayne has always been known as the City of Churches, which relates to the high
number of churches in the city, as well as the high percent of the population
that attends church.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another interesting fact for the city is that
since 1846 it has been home to Concordia Theological Seminary, which is a
Lutheran Seminary for future pastors and deacons.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[5]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is especially interesting pertaining to
the election because of the fact that Christians, and even more so especially
Lutherans, tend to be seen as voting conservative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another possible reason for the large
amount of republicans elected could be the result of what was occurring at the
national level. The democratic Woodrow Wilson was president, and just earlier
in the year of 1917 he had declared war on the Germans. This was the beginning
of the US involvement in the war.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[6]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The election of this many republicans could represent a lack of approval with
the war, but what ever it was this election would play an important role later
on when the flu pandemic hit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another significant event prior to the
pandemic was the purchase of the Tokiem Tank and Pump Company by a group of Ft.
Wayne investors. This purchase was made in 1918, which was the same year as the
peak of the pandemic. The company previously located in Iowa was then relocated
to the City of Ft. Wayne, where the business prospered through the Great
Depression and both World Wars.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[7]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This provided a new big business to the area, which ultimately was crucial when
dealing with the pandemic later on.<sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">In the span of the 20<sup>th</sup>
century three pandemics occurred, but the most devastating pandemic to date
occurred between the years of 1918 and 1919. This pandemic was caused by a flu
virus that was referred to as the Spanish flu, and part of the issue that made
it so disastrous was the fact that people could go from being fine early on in
the day to dying later on with in the same day. Another major issue related to
it was the age group that was impacted, usually people in what is classified as
the prime time in the life span.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[8]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is important to note that this strand
of flu was not an epidemic, which implies it solely impacted a community, but
rather it was a pandemic (pan being the Greek root for all) making it be more worldwide.
This alone reveals the disastrous impact it left, but it is crucial to note
that it did not impact everyone the same. Small cities, like Ft. Wayne,
Indiana, were impacted to a much different extent than places like the nations
capitol in Washington D.C., which was much larger, and more important in the
role of the country as a whole. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
biggest difference between these dealt with the capability for the city to shut
down, and for the local government to control the ways in which the city shut
down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">The peak of the flu pandemic in Indiana
was the month of October in 1918, and relative to elsewhere the flu was not as
severe.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[9]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This is due to specific measures that were taken, and even more direct
measurements that were taken by local governments. These measures not only
likely saved lives, but it also helped remove the threat of the pandemic
quicker than elsewhere.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">One of the primary actions taken in
Indiana that likely saved a large amount of people related to the Board of
Health. On October 6<sup>th</sup>, 1918 public meetings were restricted. This
policy didn’t last long, however, because the board decided that while the
restriction was related to an order from U.S. Public Health Services, the actual
restriction could not be enforced by the national government. Yet, this policy
was reinstated on October 9<sup>th</sup>, and it likely was crucial to
preventing some of the spreading of the flu. Some forms of gatherings that were
banned were shocking because they included school, funerals, and even church
services.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[10]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While this ban of public gathering was
taken on a state level, Ft. Wayne also took some very crucial actions on a
local level that likely saved many lives. At the time of the pandemic the
Health Commissioner was Dr. E. A. Crull. On October 14<sup>th</sup>, 1918 he called
a crucial meeting with heads of businesses and the mayor.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[11]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This meeting likely did a great deal in an effort to prevent some of the
possible contamination that comes with the flu. At the meeting he had men sworn
in from the different businesses as health officers. Their job was to ensure
that the rules laid out in the meeting were followed as well as they could
communicate and report incidents to the Health Department. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Yet, the biggest and most crucial rule
laid out was that if workers were coughing or showing any other possible
symptoms of the flu then they had to be sent home. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[12]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This was especially important because for businesses to be able to make the
most possible amount of money they needed all the laborers present. It was a
big deal for these businesses to send workers home because ultimately it meant
a decrease in production and therefore a decrease in the amount of money made. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Another rule had a similar effect on
production at this time was the increased monitoring and stronger laws on the
hours in which these businesses could be open.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[13]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
These changes in the rules prevented some of the spreading because it helped
prevent sick people from coming to work, and it also helped provide people with
an essential amount of rest needed in keeping the immune system healthy. This
rule also likely contributed to helping end the pandemic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While these rules ultimately had a
negative impact on businesses, it is also interesting that they were put into
place. The Republican Party is known for the role that they play in helping and
pushing for big businesses, yet here they seemed to impact them negatively.
This reveals the necessary drastic measures that had to be taken during this
pandemic to cause it to end. Another interesting note is how accepting the big
businesses were of these changes. They didn’t seem to argue with them, but
rather they accepted them and made the necessary changes to help prevent as
much of the further spreading as they could, even though it likely negatively
impacted their bottom line.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Fighting the flu was not an easy battle
clearly, especially due to the number of places that had to be shut down, but
another way to see the difficulty is through the responses of the hospitals. On
October 22<sup>nd</sup>, 1918, the hospitals in Fort Wayne stated that they
would no longer take patients with the flu, unless it was an emergency or they
had no one else who could take care of them.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[14]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This shows the fact that there were a high number of cases at the time, and
hospitals just simply could not care for everyone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Yet, the Red Cross did step in some and
help during this pandemic. It was challenging for them to help everywhere
because of how widespread the flu was, but they were able to help teach
individuals how to make a gauze mask to cover their face to prevent breathing
in the flu viruses. They also even provided these masks to people free of cost
if they did not have the funds to pay for them.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[15]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While, often Ft. Wayne was considered to
have some of the better conditions in terms of the flu they remained under the same
ban as the rest of the State through the month of October and into November.
Finally, on November 15<sup>th</sup>, 1918 it was announced that the flu ban
would be lifted and churches, schools, and other public gathering places would
be reopened due to the bettering conditions.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[16]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This was a big deal because the city had been shut down for so long, and it
showed that the worst part of the virus pandemic was coming to an end. Granted
the schools were shut down for over a month, and then would have to extend
their school year further into the summer. However, the ban did not have to be
reinstated in Ft. Wayne and school was not cancelled again once the ban was
lifted, as happened elsewhere, such as Indianapolis.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[17]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While the worst was over, the flu still
made a comeback in early December. It did not force the same type of shutdown
that was seen earlier, but people were required once again to wear facemasks in
public. Interestingly enough public places in Allen County outside of Ft. Wayne
were shut down again, but not the city itself.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[18]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This is especially interesting because one might think that is should be the
opposite due to the fact that often people are closer together within a city.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Gradually, the number of flu cases began
to decrease into the New Year. It also became a lot less prevalent topic in
newspapers, and by April of 1919 the word flu was scarce besides a few minor
advertisements claiming different medicines could cure the flu. It is
interesting to notice all the different claims of various “cures” to the flu, but
yet, if this were the case then the result of the pandemic would have been a
lot less drastic. Yet, this was not the case, and as medicine has shown us now,
there really is no cure. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">It is crucial then to note all the key
steps that many took even during the pandemic to show the idea that there is no
cure. Such as wearing the masks, and shutting down the city in an effort to
prevent further spreading.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">While there is no accurate number to how
many people died from the flu pandemic, the number can be estimated to be a
lot. World wide the number is estimated to be between 30 and 50 million, but in
America it is only estimated to be somewhere below 700,000. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">[19]</span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
However, this doesn’t even begin to determine the damage due to the fact that
the number of deaths does not determine the number of cases. Beyond even being
sick, the damage done to the school systems and the economy cannot be measured,
but what is known is the lasting impact this pandemic had not only in small
cities like Fort Wayne, but rather world wide. These changes can even be seen
today, especially in the advertising for flu shots as flu season begins.
Clearly, pandemics like these can still occur, as was seen with H1N1, but the
severity depends on the strand of the virus, and the measures taken once the
pandemic occurs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Bibliography<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"About Concordia Theological Seminary." Concordia
Theological Seminary. Accessed February 24, 2014. http://www.ctsfw.edu/page.aspx?pid=242.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"About Pandemics." Flu.gov. Accessed February 17,
2014. http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/about/index.html. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Business Men Battle "Flu": Heads of Big
Local Plants Meet with Health Boards," <i>The Fort Wayne News and Sentinel</i>,
October 15, 1918. nfoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Cutshall City's Next Mayor," <i>The Fort Wayne
Journal-Gazette</i>, November 7, 1917.
http://access.newspaperarchive.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"For Emergency Flu Cases Only," <i>The Fort Wayne
News and Sentinel</i>, October 22, 1918. nfoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Fort Wayne Mayors." The City of Fort Wayne
Indiana. Accessed February 23, 2014. http://www.cityoffortwayne.org/meet-the-mayor/fort-wayne-mayors.html.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"GAS PUMP COMPANY HISTORIES." Petroliana
Collectibles. Accessed February 21, 2014. http://www.petrolianacollectibles.com/company_histories.htm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Lift Flu Ban Tonight," <i>The Fort Wayne News and
Sentinel</i>, November 15, 1918. nfoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Must Wear Flu Masks," <i>The Fort Wayne News and
Sentinel</i>, December 3, 1918. nfoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Pandemic Flu History." Flu.gov. Accessed February
17, 2014. http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/index.html. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Red Cross is Fighting "Flu"," <i>The
Fort Wayne News and Sentinel</i>, October 24, 1918. nfoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Schools of Indianapolis Closed by Epidemic," <i>The
Fort Wayne News and Sentinel</i>, November 19, 1918. nfoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.lib.indiana.edu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -40.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"The Great Pandemic." Flu.gov. Accessed February
19, 2014. http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/1918/the_pandemic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Woodrow Wilson."
The White House. Accessed February 24, 2014.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>2091</o:Words>
<o:Characters>11480</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Indiana University</o:Company>
<o:Lines>151</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>14</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>13557</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""></a>1. “About
Pandemics,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Flu.gov, </i>accessed on
February 17, 2013, http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/about/index.html<u><span style="color: blue; mso-themecolor: hyperlink;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">2.“The
Great Pandemic” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Flu.gov,</i> accessed on
February 19, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/1918/your_state/midwest/indiana/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""></a>3. “Ft.
Wayne Mayors,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The City of Ft. Wayne
Indiana, </i>accessed on February 23, 2014,
http://www.cityoffortwayne.org/meet-the-mayor/fort-wayne-mayors.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""></a>4.
“Cutshall City’s Next Mayor” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ft. Wayne
Journal-Gazette </i>(Ft. Wayne, IN), November 7, 1917.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""></a>5. “About
Concordia Theological Seminary,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Concordia
Theological Seminary, </i>accessed February 24, 2014,
http://www.ctsfw.edu/page.aspx?pid=242<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""></a>6.
“Woodrow Wilson,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The White House</i>,
accessed February 24, 2014,
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""></a>7. “Gas
Pump Company Histories” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Petroliana
Collectibles, </i>accessed February 28, 2014,
http://www.petrolianacollectibles.com/company_histories.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""></a>8.“Pandemic
Flu History”, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Flu.gov,</i> accessed on
February 17, 2014, http://www.flu.gov/pandemic/history/index.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""></a>9. “The
Great Pandemic,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Flu.gov<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""></a>10. Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""></a>11.“Business
Men Battle “Flu”: Heads of Big Local Plants Meet with Health Board,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fort Wayne News and Sentinel</i> (Ft.
Wayne, IN), October 15, 1918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""></a>12.
Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""></a>13.
Ibid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""></a>14. “For
Emergency Flu Cases Only,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fort Wayne
News and Sentinel </i>(Ft. Wayne, IN), October 22, 1918<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""></a>15.“Red
Cross is Fighting “Flu”,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fort Wayne
News and Sentinel</i> (Ft. Wayne, IN), October 24, 1918<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""></a>16.
“Lift Flu Ban Tonight,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fort Wayne
News and Sentinel </i>(Ft. Wayne, IN), November 15, 1918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""></a>17.
“Schools of Indianapolis Closed by Flu Epidemic” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fort Wayne News and Sentinel</i> (Ft. Wayne, IN), November 19,
1918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""></a>18.
“Must Wear Flu Masks” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Fort Wayne News
and Sentinel</i> (Ft. Wayne, IN), December 3, 1918.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""></a>19. “The
Great Pandemic,” </span><i><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Flu.gov.</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-86407027007263842482014-05-08T20:45:00.000-07:002014-05-09T13:32:55.810-07:00The Great Flood of 1937: The Lasting Effect on a Nation<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><i>By </i></b></span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="line-height: 32px;"><i><b>M. W. M.</b></i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">The
year 1937 brought more distress to the United States, a nation that was already
in the midst of the Great Depression and recovering from the Dust Bowl. The
flood of 1937 seriously affected eight states across the nation. In total,
there would be 385 dead and property loses of $500 million.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The tremendous flood would
lead the Army Corps of Engineers to create more than seventy storage reservoirs
in each effected state, to reduce the height of the Ohio River. During this
crisis, there were two similar towns that would need substantial help from the
federal government to recover. One city Evansville, Indiana, due to its
location, would specifically need direct aid from the federal and local
governments. The second city was Cairo, Illinois. At the flood’s peak, the city
of Cairo had an average flood depth of ten feet.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 200%;">To try and salvage the
cities, the federal government ended up spending an equivalent of 11 million
dollars in today’s money. The federal government not only aided with money, but
also sent WPA (The Works Progress Administration)</span><span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #515151; line-height: 200%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 200%;">workers
to help the flood effected areas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
disaster would prod the United States government to institute nationwide reform
and an overall rethinking of the power of the Ohio River. A flood of this
magnitude had never reached the areas affected by the 1937 flood, so in
response to the disaster, the Indiana State Flood Commission was created. The
town of Evansville specifically established the Evansville-Vanderburgh Levee
Authority District. This group built a system of earth levees, concrete walls,
and pumping stations to protect the city.<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The flood of 1937 would span a
total of eight states. Those states were Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee. This disaster would go
down in history as one of the greatest floods the Ohio River had ever produced.
The total number of causalities would be around five hundred.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> One of the things that
contributed to the flood was the method of protection that was chosen by the
cities along the Ohio River. Just like in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Rising Tide</i> these cities used levees. The cities along the Ohio River all
had earth levees on each side of the river to try and contain any flooding.
Although, just like in our book, these levees would fail and almost intensify the
flood waters.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">The
Ohio River flood of 1937 did not happen overnight. There were multiple causes
for this disaster. One of the contributing factors was the intense blizzard
that hit along the Ohio River. All of the snow that accumulated on the hills of
the Ohio River Valley melted and trickled down into the river. This coupled
with a spring that brought record amounts of precipitation, would cause the
river to have an abundance of water. For those reasons, on March 27, 1936 the
Ohio River was above its flood stage the entire length of the nine hundred and
eighty-one mile river. This meant that from Pittsburg, Pennsylvania to Cairo,
Illinois the river was considered to be a “flood.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Although to many, this
news would be startling, the officials lining the Ohio River paid little
attention to it. One official said, “The river will go down soon enough, we
just have to wait.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This official would soon be proven wrong. At the beginning of the year 1937 the
river would be ten times its normal flow. With high ranking officials brushing
off the severity of the flood, a disaster would soon ensue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now when historians look back at the Flood of 1937, they
see a preventable disaster. There were multiple mishandlings by authorities
during this time. Along the Ohio River existed a large drainage basin. This
basin handled most of the water that drained from the river. This system worked
perfectly until the river’s waters started to rise. With the rising water
levels, the basin soon began to operate at full capacity. The basin, during
this time, went unchecked by officials for months. So the overfilling basin
soon began to have run-off water. This run-off trickled its way directly back
into the Ohio River, causing the river to gain even more strength. This basin
could attribute to the river raising 2.1 feet in twenty-four hours in 1937.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The tributaries that were
in charge of helping relieve the overflowing river became backed up. These
tributaries became bogged down by the extra sediment in the waters caused by
the extensive rains leading to soil erosion. This scenario allowed the river to
gain more power and speed along its path. So with the outlets of the river
backed up, the river continued to flow directly towards the heart of the
nation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The state of Illinois like many other affected states,
had become immobilized by the flood. In Illinois over one thousand three
hundred and thirty miles of road, one hundred and twenty-five miles of railroad
and forty-three cities and towns turned into nothing more than standing water.
In Cairo, Illinois the whole city had an average depth of ten feet. (Southern)
Conditions in Cairo became so grim that the mayor of London called and asked
officials if he could be of any assistance.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The average speed of the
water was twenty-five miles per hour. Dangerous conditions of the water caused
many preventable causalities. Many refugees attempted to travel on their own
instead of waiting to be assisted by the incoming services. During this time,
Illinois deployed seventy-five emergency trains to help transport refugees to
safer areas. When looking at the other affected states, the Illinois statistics
can be seen across the board. These numbers caused officials to think of
various ways to alleviate the immense amount of water being pushed onto their
cities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">In the
region of the Ohio River Valley, a flood of this magnitude had never before
affected so many different states at once. For this reason, the flood of 1937
caught many states and officials off guard. Due to this, many loses and
causalities of the flood seem to historians to be preventable. Throughout this
time period many states elected to build levees as a defense against the waters
of the Ohio. This method seemed to be successful until it was actually put to
the test. As the water levels rose along the river, the high embankments of the
levees only contained and strengthen the river. The levees directly contributed
to the record breaking speeds and height of the river. During their time of
desperation, many local officials conspired to blow up the opposing side’s
embankment. An explosion on one side of the levee would allow the pressurized
water to flow freely and lower the height of the river. Although, in doing
this, the side being flooded would be assaulted by the free flowing river. This
specific incident happened near the city of Cairo. The city of Cairo being a larger
city, decided that diverting the river away from the large city would save more
lives than blowing up the levee would.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many
cities throughout the Ohio River faced a decision. This decision would be
comparable to the one made in Cairo. This choice would benefit one state and
then would negatively affect another. This remained precisely the case in
region in the state of Illinois. At the place known as Birds Point levee, the
state officials faced the decision to let the flood waters keep rising and destroy
more of their city, or to dynamite the levee and release the building flood
waters. The option chosen was to dynamite the levee and to flood the lands of
Missouri. Although, oddly enough, the state of Missouri would not be consulted
on this issue. So the decision of one state flooded over one hundred and thirty
thousand acres of Missouri farm land. The farm land of Missouri, if not flooded
intentionally, would have totally avoided the floodwaters. The blow dealt to
this farm land would take years to recover. Illinois’s choice to dynamite the
levee at Birds Point not only effected Missouri’s land, but also their future
economy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Once
the flood gained its full power and unleashed itself upon the cities along the
river, officials began to act. In the past, the United States federal
government had not given states much relief when it came to natural disasters.
Previously if a state had in internal issue, it was expected that the state
keep it in house. This way of thinking was predominately that of the Republican
Party. The Republicans believed that less government interference into states’
matters would be more beneficial. An example of a Republican’s philosophy that
would be historically close to the flood of 1937, is that of President Herbert
Hoover. During the Great Depression, Hoover believed that the federal
government should not interfere and the depression would run its course and
solve itself. This philosophy was the exact opposite of former president
Franklin Roosevelt. Roosevelt felt that the government had an obligation to act
and be involved. During his presidency he created many groups, such as the WPA
and the CCC. The CCC stood for The Civilian Conservation Corps. So with his
beliefs when given news of the flood, he decided that the federal government
would directly help the states. He sent numerous groups of WPA and CCC workers
to the afflicted cities and towns. These two groups were instrumental in the
aid of the states. The WPA and CCC workers worked alongside local and state
officials to ensure the best response was given to the affected areas.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">The
federal government did not become the only entity to help the flooded states.
The state of Massachusetts sent boats and their coast guard to try and improve
the conditions. The U.S engineers sent motors to help with the lack of
materials for transportation. Also the National Guard occupied multiple cities
throughout the nation ensuring aid and peace. The city of Chicago sent sandbags
to help block the water from further advancing. The National Red Cross sent
more than 662 nurses to help set up rally points for the stranded refugees.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The CCC workers helped
create shelters and tents where the sick could be taken care of. Many schools
were transformed into hospitals to aid the sickly refugees. The icy waters of
the flood caused multiple cases of flu and pneumonia. The local governments
turned their radiobroadcasts from their normal routines into emergency stations
that allowed displaced families to find each other and reunite.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><sup><o:p></o:p></sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">In the
city of Louisville, Kentucky a man named Robert Kutak witnessed what he called
the “Sociology of Crises.” He reported that at the beginning of the disaster
when local authorities and official began to try and keep order it went majorly
unsuccessful.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
But when the National Guardsmen showed up, most refugees obeyed their
authority. Robert did note a racial difference between white people and
“Negroes.” For the most part, he noticed that the African-American families
acted appreciative and thankful, while the white families appeared agitated and
hateful.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This example portrays the racial tensions that existed during this time period.
The white refugees when put with the “Negro” refugees felt that they deserved
better and therefore became hateful and disgusted. This analysis by Mr. Kutak
shows that racism still resided even in the northern states at this time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">In the
aftermath of the flood, all eight affected states began to work on reforming
their ways of dealing with the Ohio River. The old systems of levees had proven
to be not only faulty but also assisted in allowing the river to gain more
power. The dynamiting of levees also became a serious issue. Specifically
regarding the case of the Birds Point levee, the flooded farmland in Missouri
would not have been effected by the waters of the Ohio had it not been for the
dynamiting of the levee by Illinois. In reforming their techniques of handling
the river, the state of Illinois commissioned engineers to construct over
eighty-eight reservoirs.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> These reservoirs would
control drainage for over 110,174 square miles. This type of reform could be
seen nationwide. Another method adopted after the flood became known as
creating floodways. This process would be done by deliberately flooding one
part of the state to save another part. Using floodways would only be done with
commination between the soon to be affected area and the state government.
Unlike the dynamiting of levees where the side who detonated first won.<br />
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The 1937 flood also marked a
revolutionary milestone for American politics. This disaster became one of the
first instances when the federal government directly sent money and aid to
states. Before this time most disasters had to be dealt with internally. The
Roosevelt administration ended up sending multiple forms of aid to the areas in
need. Even after the disaster the federal government gave millions of dollars
to farms across the Midwest to assist with soil erosion.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The flood would also
impact the tobacco market. The 1937 earnings in the industry dropped sharply
and would take years to recover.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Although many negatives
came from the flood, one economic positive impact it had was the sale of farm
equipment in 1937 and 1938. With so much lost to the flood, many farmers were
forced to buy new equipment.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The numerous farmers
buying equipment acted as an economic stimulus helping jumpstart the national
economy after the flood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">While
the flood of 1937 devastated eight states and took half a million causalities,
some positive social aspects can be seen. This disaster sparked the federal
government to, for the first time, work with local and state officials. The
cooperation shown between the multiple entities would go on to be a perfect
example of how to respond to a national disaster. The reform not only impacted
governmental bodies, but also the regulations regarding the river. The use of
levees would no longer be accepted as a reasonable defense against the river.
Although the Ohio River flood of 1937 would go down in history as one of the
worst floods in the Midwest, it lead to reform between federal and state
governmental interactions, and also lead to safer and stricter river
regulations. The flood could be seen as a necessary stepping stone for the
United States on its way to become a better nation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><u><span style="line-height: 200%;">Bibliography</span></u><span style="line-height: 200%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">“1937
Net Income of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Lower: Loss Due to Ohio Floods Reduces
Earnings.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chicago Daily Tribune </i>(Chicago,
IL), Jan. 14, 1938<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">“1937
Farm Price Outlook.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wall Street Journal </i>(New
York, NY), Feb 19, 1937<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">“WPA In
Tennessee Gives Flood Aid.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atlanta Daily
World</i> (Atlanta, GA), Feb 17, 1937<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Kutake,
Robert. “The Sociology of Crises: The Louisville Flood of 1937.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Notes: The Community and Neighborhood</i>,
(January 1938) 66-72. Accessed February 22, 2014. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Proquest</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Shank,
Majorie. “The 1937 Flood in Southern Illinois.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Notes: Journal of Geography</i>, (January 1938) 45-56. Accessed
February 28, 2104. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Proquest<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Thomas,
Lowell. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hungry Waters</i>. Philadelphia: Universal
Book and Bible House, 1938.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>2323</o:Words>
<o:Characters>12755</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Indiana University</o:Company>
<o:Lines>167</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>16</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>15062</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Thomas Lowell, “Hungry
Waters,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Washington Post</i>, July 7,
1937.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois,”<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Journal of
Geography</i> (1938): 45-56.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Thomas Lowell, “Hungry
Waters.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> WPA In Tennessee Gives
Flood Aid, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Washington Post</i>, February
17, 1937.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Robert Kutak, “The
Sociology of Crises: The Louisville Flood of 1937,” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Community and Neighborhood</i> (1937): 66-72.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Robert Kutak, “The
Sociology of Crises: The Louisville Flood of 1937.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Majorie Shank, “The 1937
Flood in Southern Illinois.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> 1937 Net Income of R. J.
Reynolds Tobacco Lower: Loss Due to Ohio Floods Reduces Earnings, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chicago Daily Tribune</i>, January 14, 1938.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> 1937 Farm Price Outlook,
<i>Wall Street Journal</i>, February 19,
1937.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8326757843796154356.post-42243402841037030112014-05-08T20:41:00.000-07:002014-05-09T13:33:14.607-07:00Indiana Cholera, 1873<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 17.1200008392334px;"><b><i>By C. G.</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Following the Civil War, America remained a culture
focused on agriculture and change. It is a society that continued to be rural,
concentrating on broadening their knowledge of farming. Because of this, the
Midwest was commonly known as the “cornbelt” of the country. Rich topsoil and
surrounding bodies of water made it possible for the Midwest to become a heavy agriculture
area. As the “cornbelt” expanded, the Midwest also termed the name “rustbelt”
due to the automobile and steel industries decreasing in prominence and
significance. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As industries declined, many citizens, the majority being
of middle class, relocated to suburbs.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Because water sources are
so abundant, their main source of transportation is by riverboat, later being
replaced by railroads. As time went on, these suburbs were arranged by class
and went from a place for middle class citizens to a place for the wealthy and
elite citizens. In addition, as immigrants came to America they looked to
reside in suburbs, but just like the African Americans, they are looked at as
“unworthy” and are not allowed in, at least not with the elites. They would
have to live in a suburb that contains only other immigrants. Suburbs became so
prominent in American Culture they started to represent success, family life,
and safety from the chaos of cities, as they still do today.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Politically, the American culture was much like today and
remained under a democracy. Two parties dominated the government which are the
republicans and democrats. Republicans and democrats each have different
approaches to controversial topics, being conservative or liberal respectively.
Officials are elected into the government based on popular vote with the
exclusion of the president. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One major epidemic that really altered the culture of
America in the nineteenth century is the Cholera Epidemic. This disease swept
through towns quicker than anyone expected. It is “an acute, diarrheal illness
caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae” (CDC).
After contracting Cholera, your symptoms could range from no symptoms at all to
severe symptoms. Some of these symptoms include diarrhea, non-stop vomiting,
and often leg cramps.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> People could potentially
experience these symptoms for days upon days in addition to head-aches, aching
bodies, and body temperature increase and decreases. Today Cholera can be
treated through fluid replacement because of all the fluid and salts lost out
of the body by vomiting and diarrhea. However, back then, because the diarrhea
and vomiting occurred so often and rapidly and they were not as technologically
advanced, it would lead to dehydration almost immediately and if not treated
properly, could cause death in less than a day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many sources of water during this time were not nearly as
sanitary as we have it today. Dirty drinking water from pumps and wells that
people living in the suburbs would use is often very dirty. This is how Cholera
is contracted. Poor sanitary living conditions with dirty water would carry the
bad bacteria and upon drinking, would immediately start to effect the drinker’s
body in as little as a couple hours. Dirty water is more often seen as the
cause, but bad food, such as seafood, could also cause a person to contract the
disease. It was very rare to see Cholera be passed from person to person as it
was almost always water to person because most people were drinking from the
same bad quality of water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Although the focus of this paper is the Cholera Epidemic
of 1873, the factors that lead up to it are also important because they shaped
the 1873 outbreak. Cholera is often talked about in multiple different
epidemics, the epidemic of 1832, 1849, 1866, and then 1873. These epidemics are
not only centered in America, but worldwide. In 1826 it affected India and most
of the East traveling to other countries by trade routes. It traveled to Russia
and Poland and France. It took over almost all of Europe, sweeping through the
continent catching people off guard. There is a story told by the German poet
Henirich Heine who describes a night at a masked ball in Paris when suddenly a
man collapsed. His temperature dropped so low he turned blue in the face and
other attendees finally started to realize Cholera had just taken its next
victim.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The disease kept moving
westward into Britain and eventually, it would reach America.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">In
America, the Epidemics of 1832 and 1849 are very similar. When the outbreak
began in 1832 it killed thousands and thousands of citizens. Big cities were
hit hard. In New York, Cholera “left 3,515 dead out of a population of 250,000”
(Wilford). Almost every big city it hit lost “5-10%” of its population, but
were able to keep on with their labor and businesses (Daly). Small towns got
hit even worse. These small towns are built off of farming and when cholera
came in and started raising death tolls, the economy struggled because a
decrease in population means a decrease in labor to work on the farms. Both of
these epidemics caused people to go through the same panic and the same amount
of loss whether it be a family member, friend, or acquaintance. After the
epidemic of 1832, ideas of prevention were put into action hopeful that it
would be effective only to realize failure. The only real difference between
1832 and 1849 is that because the population had grown, transportation
increased and was less dependent on water routes, cholera was treated with
greater “ease”.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">The
Cholera Epidemic of 1866 effected Europe, Asia and Africa more than any other
place. It claimed almost 100,000 lives in Russia and almost 80,000 in Zanzibar.
It was very prevalent during the time of the Austro-Prussian War and killed
over 100,000 lives there. As this disease traveled and traveled it eventually
reached America and killed less than half of the people it did in the Austrian
Empire during the Austro-Prussian War.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Even
after this epidemic’s multiple reoccurrences, people still are not fully aware
on how to go about handling it. However, some cities chose to be very
proactive. In New York, a very wealthy group of men with connections to the New
York government worried that the Cholera outbreak in Europe would hit New York,
so they created the Council of Hygiene and Public Health.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their main goal is to clean up the city and
do anything possible to prevent Cholera from causing harm. In addition to the
Council of Hygiene and Public Health, the Board of Health also participated.
They cleaned up places around New York that stored the leftover, rotting food
from restaurants and butchers. They also went to the government to try “to stop
the misuse of money meant for cleanup and maintenance of their neighborhoods”
(NYCdata). These prevention steps were not taken just in New York, but in
cities around the world. However even with these efforts, more often than not,
Cholera still managed to make itself known.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">As we
center in on the Midwest, we start to realize that just because Cholera may
have reached America from other countries, it still managed to hit the middle
states. However, most of these small Midwestern towns deny that cholera had
reached their respective towns and focused on it reaching other places. There
is also very few copies of these small town newspapers with the local stories
that have been preserved today.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Like everywhere else
Cholera struck, it left its mark and caused pure chaos amongst the members of
these homely communities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Like
previously mentioned, big cities lost a large number of their population, even
in the Midwest. Cities like St. Louis, Detroit, and Cincinnati lost hundreds
between the years 1832-1835 and thousands between 1849-1851.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Any city hit with Cholera
was obviously set back community and business wise, however, these cities
somehow managed to get back up on their feet and stay afloat. They came to the
realization that contaminated drinking water was the cause of this deadly
disease and put a stop to it, cleaning all water sources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Smaller
cities in the Midwest did not recover so easily. The amount of deaths in small
cities versus big cities was fairly equal, however “the panic and flight were
more destructive” (Daly). The panic was so intense because instead of these
deaths occurring over the course of a long period of time, they occurred all
together in just days. Because of this “the early death rate, extrapolated for
a year, would have exceeded the local population” (Daly). Many of these small
towns are what make up the state of Indiana, aside from Indianapolis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Indianapolis
at this time was a railroad center for America. The city was flourishing and
making a name for itself. And then disaster struck. Indianapolis experienced
its first case of Cholera on July 24<sup>th</sup>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> The story goes that it
was the case of William A. Hensley, a bar owner in a restaurant travelers
frequently visited. He was diagnosed with Cholera Asiatica. Just a few days
later, the owner of the restaurant William A. Hensley’s bar was in started to
experience the symptoms of Cholera. He felt faint and fell to the ground
vomiting.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Both of these men were able to beat the disease, but this is just one example
of how many reported cases happened. This disease began to spread around the
city having its first fatal case weeks later. But it did not just stop there.
It spread all over the state of Indiana. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">One of
the most important small towns it hit next, due to its position on the railroad
line, is the city of Cumberland, Indiana. The first case in Cumberland occurred
on August 8<sup>th</sup>, 1873 and was unfortunately fatal. It took the life of
a German mother of four who had only contracted the disease 12 hours prior to
her death. Only five days after the first case, 15 more cases were found and
eight of them had quickly passed away. In only five weeks there were 80 cases
of Cholera in Cumberland alone and 32 were fatal.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Because Cumberland and
Indianapolis were key railroad cities, the economy had been severely affected.
No one wanted to take a train through these cities in fear of contracting the
disease and even if they did, the population of people who could actually work
the railroads were decreasing either by sickness or by people fleeing the city
to find somewhere Cholera had not reached yet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Another
small town of Indiana that got severely affected is the city of Madison.
Because the number of deaths were greatly increasing throughout the years, the
Board of Health decided to take action. If anyone is found bringing the disease
to the city, the Board of Health had the power to potentially fine them $500. However,
just years later this rule is taken away. In the prime stages of Cholera in
Madison “163 died” (Daly). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cholera
effected all the small cities of Indiana in almost the same way, killing the
city’s people, economy, and morale. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Indiana’s
economy ultimately gets destroyed by this disease. Business is diminishing in
towns because there are no people left to run them. They would either be leaving
town looking to find new towns that had not been affected by Cholera yet or
were already sick and unable to work. Even farming is affected. The prices of
their cattle and crops drop leaving them unable to get a proper income to
support their families. The railroad that runs through the cities of
Indianapolis and Madison, the only railroad in Indiana, is shut down because of
Cholera.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
The workforce is almost nonexistent due to this deadly disease, leaving many
jobless.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">To
reconstruct the cities Cholera reached, many different types of prevention
methods are taken. One of these methods is quarantine. Although it is mostly
used to prevent Cholera in Europe, quarantine is trying to seclude the disease
by keeping people affected away from contact with people who have not been
affected. This method is not very effective though because Cholera is not
contagious. Another method of prevention is cholera hospitals and medicine for
the poor. Cholera hospitals are not necessarily to prevent the disease itself,
but to prevent it from spreading or killing as many people as it has. Medicine
is an expense that should be able to be obtained by all individuals poor or
wealthy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">One of
the most important methods of prevention governments put into place is the mere
idea of sanitation. Keeping water sources clean of waste and garbage is a must.
Governments made sure their towns were drinking clean water. Citizens and
housekeepers should keep their houses clean at all times and “should use water
copiously, but not in the evening, as lodging in damp rooms is apt to induce
the disease” (Drake). Dampness is a major cause of this disease and should be
avoided at all costs. Also, in addition to keeping your clothes clean you
should make sure to keep your body clean as well. It is recommended to wash
your body every morning with cold water immediately followed by drying off with
a towel. It is also recommended to take a warm bath once or twice a week.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> These ideas might seem
small, but they could potentially save your life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Cholera
is a disease that changed America as well as many other countries around the
world. The once thriving culture was left destroyed by Cholera ending
businesses and taking farmers away from their work, decreasing profits. It
killed thousands of people leaving families left sad and hopeless. It swept
through city after city even reaching the Midwest. The preventions and
precautions the government took finally stopped these epidemics from taking
over the world and gave America the push it needed to get back up on its feet. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; line-height: 200%;">Works
Cited<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Alper, John.
"Myadel Belarus." Last modified August 12, 2011. Accessed March 1,
2014. <a href="http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/">http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Barnes, Joseph. The
Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. 2002.
http://books.google.com/books?id=LIYaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=1873
economic
cholera&source=bl&ots=3A5uyE_WLj&sig=2nP_-UCc_Xf6wKgy8ZUEgUCtQgY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ILcPU9HiCOGSyQHmk4HwCA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Beardslee, William.
"The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State." Last modified May 26,
2010. Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html">http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, . "Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection." Last
modified July 30, 2013. Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html">http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">"Countries and
Their Cultures." Last modified September 23, 2012. Accessed March 1, 2014.
<a href="http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html">http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Daly, Walter. “The Black
Cholera Comes to the Central Valley of America in the 19th Century- 1832, 1849,
and Later.” Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological
Association. (2008). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394684/
(accessed March 1, 2014)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Drake, Daniel. History,
Prevention, and Treatment of epidemic Cholera. Cincinnati : Corey and Fairbank,
1832.
https://ia600206.us.archive.org/3/items/39002086311520.med.yale.edu/39002086311520.med.yale.edu.pdf
(accessed March 1, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Wilford, John. "How
Epidemics Helped Shape the Modern Metropolis." New York Times, April 15,
2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/15/science/15chol.html?_r=4&8dpc&
(accessed March 1, 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;">Williams, Kenya.
"New York City (NYC) Cholera Outbreak of 1866." Last modified January
02, 2013. Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/disasters/cholera-1866.html">https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/disasters/cholera-1866.html</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:DocumentProperties>
<o:Revision>0</o:Revision>
<o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime>
<o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
<o:Words>2455</o:Words>
<o:Characters>13482</o:Characters>
<o:Company>Indiana University</o:Company>
<o:Lines>177</o:Lines>
<o:Paragraphs>17</o:Paragraphs>
<o:CharactersWithSpaces>15920</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
<o:Version>14.0</o:Version>
</o:DocumentProperties>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>JA</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="276">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br clear="all" /></span>
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
"Countries and Their Cultures." Last modified September 23, 2012.
Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html">http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Countries and Their
Cultures." Last modified September 23, 2012. Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html">http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Countries and Their
Cultures." Last modified September 23, 2012. Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html">http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, . "Cholera - Vibrio cholerae
infection." Last modified July 30, 2013. Accessed March 1, 2014.
http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Beardslee, William. "The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State."
Last modified May 26, 2010. Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html">http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2000_fall/1832_cholera_part2.html</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Daly, Walter. “The Black Cholera Comes to the Central Valley of America in the
19th Century- 1832, 1849, and Later.” Transactions of the American Clinical and
Climatological Association. (2008).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394684/ (accessed March 1, 2014) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Alper, John. "Myadel Belarus." Last modified August 12, 2011.
Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/">http://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Myadel/</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Williams, Kenya. "New York City (NYC) Cholera Outbreak of 1866." Last
modified January 02, 2013. Accessed March 1, 2014. <a href="https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/disasters/cholera-1866.html">https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/disasters/cholera-1866.html</a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Daly, Walter. “The Black Cholera Comes to the Central Valley of America in the
19th Century- 1832, 1849, and Later.” Transactions of the American Clinical and
Climatological Association. (2008).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394684/ (accessed March 1, 2014) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Daly, Walter. “The Black Cholera Comes to the Central Valley of America in the
19th Century- 1832, 1849, and Later.” Transactions of the American Clinical and
Climatological Association. (2008).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394684/ (accessed March 1, 2014)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Barnes, Joseph. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. 2002.
http://books.google.com/books?id=LIYaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=1873
economic
cholera&source=bl&ots=3A5uyE_WLj&sig=2nP_-UCc_Xf6wKgy8ZUEgUCtQgY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ILcPU9HiCOGSyQHmk4HwCA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Barnes, Joseph. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. 2002.
http://books.google.com/books?id=LIYaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=1873
economic
cholera&source=bl&ots=3A5uyE_WLj&sig=2nP_-UCc_Xf6wKgy8ZUEgUCtQgY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ILcPU9HiCOGSyQHmk4HwCA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; text-indent: -31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Barnes, Joseph. The Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. 2002.
http://books.google.com/books?id=LIYaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419&lpg=PA419&dq=1873
economic
cholera&source=bl&ots=3A5uyE_WLj&sig=2nP_-UCc_Xf6wKgy8ZUEgUCtQgY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ILcPU9HiCOGSyQHmk4HwCA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAg<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Daly, Walter. “The Black Cholera Comes to the Central Valley of America in the
19th Century- 1832, 1849, and Later.” Transactions of the American Clinical and
Climatological Association. (2008).
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2394684/ (accessed March 1, 2014) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8326757843796154356#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="line-height: 107%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Drake, Daniel. History, Prevention, and Treatment of epidemic Cholera.
Cincinnati : Corey and Fairbank, 1832.
https://ia600206.us.archive.org/3/items/39002086311520.med.yale.edu/39002086311520.med.yale.edu.pdf
(accessed March 1, 2014). </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12119588500875421738noreply@blogger.com